Glass

The examination of the glass bottle assemblage highlighted several patterns. First, the relative absence of olive glass or glass bottle/vessels in late eighteenth to early nineteenth century deposits is notable as it may hint at consumption patterns at this time. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, glass vessels, especially bottles, were a common feature of domestic sites in town and urban settings where people were largely dependent on products produced elsewhere. Farms during this early period were more self-sufficient, however, and would likely have produced more of their own consumables. During the Brumbaugh family occupation the farm boasted a substantial orchard and a cider press, and perhaps the family was making its own beverages and storing them in casks rather than bottles thereby explaining the absence of such glass vessels from the deposits dating to this period. The second major trend observed is that the bottle types that manifested in deposits and features on the farm, regardless of temporal association, tended to be exclusively apothecary or medicinal in nature. The fact that such bottles were principally the only glass bottles recovered does not inherently suggest a preoccupation with medicine or ailments, as the overall number of such vessels represented was fewer than 20 for the period spanning 1850 to the first half of the twentieth century. What this assemblage does indicate, however, is that while the farm may have been largely self-sufficient in terms of consumables, it was still dependent on the outside world for products such as medicines, which could not be easily fabricated domestically. The fact that such bottles only really began to appear in deposits dating to the second half of the nineteenth century may suggest a change in preference from home remedies comprised of herbs and plants to more mass-produced remedies. Most of the small assemblage of eighteenth-century glass was found in the west yard. Notable among these was an enameled German glass tumbler, interpreted as a possible expression of Germanic identity. Glass decorated in this manner was commonly produced in the German Lowlands for hundreds of years beginning in the sixteenth century. German enameled glass remained popular among Germanic populations into the nineteenth century and is often found in association with families hailing from the Germanic states. Such glass was made in the New World by German immigrants such as Henry William Stiegel, who began producing enameled glass in Manheim, Pennsylvania, in the 1760s. Interestingly, Stiegel and Andrew Brumbaugh arrived in Philadelphia on the same ship, the Nancy, in 1750 (F. W. Hunter, Baron Stiegel and American Glass, 1913; Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Genealogy of the Brumbach Families, 1913). Feature 70 Notable assemblages of glass were recovered from Feature 70 (a midden to the west of the Feature 34 foundation), Feature 84 (a barrel privy between the Feature 6 and Feature 34 Foundations), and the chickenhouse in the north yard. Feature 70 contained three general apothecary bottles, two aqua and one colorless, and an aqua medicine bottle. While the shapes of the bottles recovered from Feature 70 varied, they were all quite small and short. Dating of the bottles places them in the period from the 1860s to 1870s and indicates that they were apothecary in nature. Feature 84 Feature 84 contained fragments of four distinct bottles dating to the second half of the nineteenth century. All of the identifiable vessels in Feature 84 were related to apothecary or medical consumption rather than beverage consumption. The dates of the vessels in the Feature 84 deposit suggest that it was abandoned after Feature 70, but the similarity in deposited glass materials suggests continuity in the consumption patterns with regard to apothecary and medical products during the second half of the nineteenth century. It would seem that the bottle medicines on offer during the late 1870s through 1880s that ended up in Feature 84 were typically anti-inflammatory in nature, used on sore throats and coughs. This too is similar to the types of medicines observed in the slightly earlier Feature 70. Chickenhouse The final major grouping of bottles occurred around the chickenhouse in the northern yard of the house, which appears to have been used as a dumping area in the twentieth century. Surface collection resulted in the recovery of five bottles dating to the first quarter of the twentieth century. All of these vessels were apothecary or medicinal. Glass Gallery

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Vessel G-0005 consisted of fragments of an enameled glass tumbler recovered from the yard to the west of the house. While the tumbler is not intact enough to discern a diagnostic pattern or determine whether the glass was continental or colonial, its presence does suggest that its owner was expressing an association with Germanic identity. The presence of this tumbler in the earliest yard deposit strongly suggests that it may be related to Andrew Brumbaugh, the immigrant, and originator of the Brumbaugh line.

Vessel G-0011 was an apothecary bottle recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage. This bottle was classified as a French square shape bottle that featured chamfered corners and a tooled prescription finish. The French square shape of vessel G-0011 indicates that it was produced between 1866 and 1920 (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018, George B. Griffenhagen and Mary Bogard, History of Drug Containers and their Labels, 1999).

Vessel G-0015 was a small cylindrical bottle produced in a cup-bottom mold and featuring a prescription finish. The shape of G-0015 suggests that it was produced between 1850 and 1915, although the lack of diagnostic markings make it difficult to refine the chronology any further (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018). This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0016, was an aqua medicine bottle that was a small, thin-bodied, rectangular shaped bottle with paneled sides and a tooled patent finish produced in a cup-bottom mold. Based on its manufacture technique, vessel G-0016 was produced between 1850 and 1915. This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0017 was a rectangular shaped bottle produced in a cupbottom mold, had a pontil mark on the base and showed evidence of a tooled patent finish. The front panel of vessel G-0017 featured the embossing "WHITE/Oil" encircling a bell, while the side panels featured the embossed words “Hagerstown MD” and "H Bell." The Bell’s White Oil company appears in newspapers between c. 1866 and the mid-1870s. In the 1860s Bell’s White Oil is advertised as a general purpose anti-inflammatory. Curiously, however, the marketing of this drug was not limited to humans, as by 1873, advertisements in the The Herald and Torch Light newspaper described Bell’s White Oil as a remedy for an epizootic disease among horses call Hipporhiorrhea. It is claimed that “BELL’s WHITE OIL applied to the throat will relieve the swelling and afford immediate relief to horses having the Epizootic.” This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0012 was a small a pharmacy bottle with a tooled patent finish and embossed with bore embossing that read, "M.L. BYERS / DRUGGIST / HAGERSTOWN MD//W T & Co." M.L. Byers began advertising in Hagerstown regional newspapers by about 1874 and was active until 1896 when the company was dissolved. The notice of dissolution in 1896 indicated that the company had been in business for 30 years, placing its inception in 1866 (American Druggist’s Circular and Chemical Gazette, v. 40, 1896). Vessel G-0012 was marked on the base with "W.T. & Co.” This marking was produced by Whitall Tatum & Co., a producer of prescription glass. Based on the style and placement of the “W.T. & Co.” mark the bottle was most likely produced between 1880 and 1895, making it the most recently produced bottle in the Feature 84 deposit.

Vessel G-0010 cam from Feature 70, and was a small oval shaped medicine bottle embossed on the exterior with "S.F. CROFT/APOTHECARY/HAGERSTOWN." It featured a tooled prescription finish and was produced in a cupbottom mold. Bottles of this type were produced between 1875 and 1890. S.F. Croft, the apothecary, frequently advertised in the Hagerstown newspapers such as The Herald and Torch Light, selling bottled products such as Boschee’s German Syrup, a cure for “consumption, asthma, pneumonia, croup, hemorrhages and other fatal diseases” as well as hair tonics, flavoring extracts and cologne. Based on his advertisements, S.F. Croft appears to have been most active in the last part of the1870s and the first half of the 1880s. 4

G-0013 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. It was oval shaped and embossed with “6777” on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

G-0014 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. This bottle was square shaped and embossed with the Owens Illinois mark and “14/4.” The bottle dates to the early twentieth century and was part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

Vessel G-0018 was similar in size to G-0013 and G-0014, but was made of an amber glass and was oval shaped with chamfered corners. It was produced in a cup mold and featured a small threaded mouth, Owens scar, and embossing on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

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The examination of the glass bottle assemblage highlighted several patterns. First, the relative absence of olive glass or glass bottle/vessels in late eighteenth to early nineteenth century deposits is notable as it may hint at consumption patterns at this time. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, glass vessels, especially bottles, were a common feature of domestic sites in town and urban settings where people were largely dependent on products produced elsewhere. Farms during this early period were more self-sufficient, however, and would likely have produced more of their own consumables. During the Brumbaugh family occupation the farm boasted a substantial orchard and a cider press, and perhaps the family was making its own beverages and storing them in casks rather than bottles thereby explaining the absence of such glass vessels from the deposits dating to this period. The second major trend observed is that the bottle types that manifested in deposits and features on the farm, regardless of temporal association, tended to be exclusively apothecary or medicinal in nature. The fact that such bottles were principally the only glass bottles recovered does not inherently suggest a preoccupation with medicine or ailments, as the overall number of such vessels represented was fewer than 20 for the period spanning 1850 to the first half of the twentieth century. What this assemblage does indicate, however, is that while the farm may have been largely self-sufficient in terms of consumables, it was still dependent on the outside world for products such as medicines, which could not be easily fabricated domestically. The fact that such bottles only really began to appear in deposits dating to the second half of the nineteenth century may suggest a change in preference from home remedies comprised of herbs and plants to more mass-produced remedies. Most of the small assemblage of eighteenth-century glass was found in the west yard. Notable among these was an enameled German glass tumbler, interpreted as a possible expression of Germanic identity. Glass decorated in this manner was commonly produced in the German Lowlands for hundreds of years beginning in the sixteenth century. German enameled glass remained popular among Germanic populations into the nineteenth century and is often found in association with families hailing from the Germanic states. Such glass was made in the New World by German immigrants such as Henry William Stiegel, who began producing enameled glass in Manheim, Pennsylvania, in the 1760s. Interestingly, Stiegel and Andrew Brumbaugh arrived in Philadelphia on the same ship, the Nancy, in 1750 (F. W. Hunter, Baron Stiegel and American Glass, 1913; Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Genealogy of the Brumbach Families, 1913). Feature 70 Notable assemblages of glass were recovered from Feature 70 (a midden to the west of the Feature 34 foundation), Feature 84 (a barrel privy between the Feature 6 and Feature 34 Foundations), and the chickenhouse in the north yard. Feature 70 contained three general apothecary bottles, two aqua and one colorless, and an aqua medicine bottle. While the shapes of the bottles recovered from Feature 70 varied, they were all quite small and short. Dating of the bottles places them in the period from the 1860s to 1870s and indicates that they were apothecary in nature. Feature 84 Feature 84 contained fragments of four distinct bottles dating to the second half of the nineteenth century. All of the identifiable vessels in Feature 84 were related to apothecary or medical consumption rather than beverage consumption. The dates of the vessels in the Feature 84 deposit suggest that it was abandoned after Feature 70, but the similarity in deposited glass materials suggests continuity in the consumption patterns with regard to apothecary and medical products during the second half of the nineteenth century. It would seem that the bottle medicines on offer during the late 1870s through 1880s that ended up in Feature 84 were typically anti-inflammatory in nature, used on sore throats and coughs. This too is similar to the types of medicines observed in the slightly earlier Feature 70. Chickenhouse The final major grouping of bottles occurred around the chickenhouse in the northern yard of the house, which appears to have been used as a dumping area in the twentieth century. Surface collection resulted in the recovery of five bottles dating to the first quarter of the twentieth century. All of these vessels were apothecary or medicinal. Glass Gallery

Vessel G-0005 consisted of fragments of an enameled glass tumbler recovered from the yard to the west of the house. While the tumbler is not intact enough to discern a diagnostic pattern or determine whether the glass was continental or colonial, its presence does suggest that its owner was expressing an association with Germanic identity. The presence of this tumbler in the earliest yard deposit strongly suggests that it may be related to Andrew Brumbaugh, the immigrant, and originator of the Brumbaugh line.

Vessel G-0011 was an apothecary bottle recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage. This bottle was classified as a French square shape bottle that featured chamfered corners and a tooled prescription finish. The French square shape of vessel G-0011 indicates that it was produced between 1866 and 1920 (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018, George B. Griffenhagen and Mary Bogard, History of Drug Containers and their Labels, 1999).

Vessel G-0015 was a small cylindrical bottle produced in a cup-bottom mold and featuring a prescription finish. The shape of G-0015 suggests that it was produced between 1850 and 1915, although the lack of diagnostic markings make it difficult to refine the chronology any further (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018). This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0016, was an aqua medicine bottle that was a small, thin-bodied, rectangular shaped bottle with paneled sides and a tooled patent finish produced in a cup-bottom mold. Based on its manufacture technique, vessel G-0016 was produced between 1850 and 1915. This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0017 was a rectangular shaped bottle produced in a cupbottom mold, had a pontil mark on the base and showed evidence of a tooled patent finish. The front panel of vessel G-0017 featured the embossing "WHITE/Oil" encircling a bell, while the side panels featured the embossed words “Hagerstown MD” and "H Bell." The Bell’s White Oil company appears in newspapers between c. 1866 and the mid-1870s. In the 1860s Bell’s White Oil is advertised as a general purpose anti-inflammatory. Curiously, however, the marketing of this drug was not limited to humans, as by 1873, advertisements in the The Herald and Torch Light newspaper described Bell’s White Oil as a remedy for an epizootic disease among horses call Hipporhiorrhea. It is claimed that “BELL’s WHITE OIL applied to the throat will relieve the swelling and afford immediate relief to horses having the Epizootic.” This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0012 was a small a pharmacy bottle with a tooled patent finish and embossed with bore embossing that read, "M.L. BYERS / DRUGGIST / HAGERSTOWN MD//W T & Co." M.L. Byers began advertising in Hagerstown regional newspapers by about 1874 and was active until 1896 when the company was dissolved. The notice of dissolution in 1896 indicated that the company had been in business for 30 years, placing its inception in 1866 (American Druggist’s Circular and Chemical Gazette, v. 40, 1896). Vessel G-0012 was marked on the base with "W.T. & Co.” This marking was produced by Whitall Tatum & Co., a producer of prescription glass. Based on the style and placement of the “W.T. & Co.” mark the bottle was most likely produced between 1880 and 1895, making it the most recently produced bottle in the Feature 84 deposit.

Vessel G-0010 cam from Feature 70, and was a small oval shaped medicine bottle embossed on the exterior with "S.F. CROFT/APOTHECARY/HAGERSTOWN." It featured a tooled prescription finish and was produced in a cupbottom mold. Bottles of this type were produced between 1875 and 1890. S.F. Croft, the apothecary, frequently advertised in the Hagerstown newspapers such as The Herald and Torch Light, selling bottled products such as Boschee’s German Syrup, a cure for “consumption, asthma, pneumonia, croup, hemorrhages and other fatal diseases” as well as hair tonics, flavoring extracts and cologne. Based on his advertisements, S.F. Croft appears to have been most active in the last part of the1870s and the first half of the 1880s. 4

G-0013 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. It was oval shaped and embossed with “6777” on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

G-0014 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. This bottle was square shaped and embossed with the Owens Illinois mark and “14/4.” The bottle dates to the early twentieth century and was part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

Vessel G-0018 was similar in size to G-0013 and G-0014, but was made of an amber glass and was oval shaped with chamfered corners. It was produced in a cup mold and featured a small threaded mouth, Owens scar, and embossing on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

The examination of the glass bottle assemblage highlighted several patterns. First, the relative absence of olive glass or glass bottle/vessels in late eighteenth to early nineteenth century deposits is notable as it may hint at consumption patterns at this time. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, glass vessels, especially bottles, were a common feature of domestic sites in town and urban settings where people were largely dependent on products produced elsewhere. Farms during this early period were more self-sufficient, however, and would likely have produced more of their own consumables. During the Brumbaugh family occupation the farm boasted a substantial orchard and a cider press, and perhaps the family was making its own beverages and storing them in casks rather than bottles thereby explaining the absence of such glass vessels from the deposits dating to this period. The second major trend observed is that the bottle types that manifested in deposits and features on the farm, regardless of temporal association, tended to be exclusively apothecary or medicinal in nature. The fact that such bottles were principally the only glass bottles recovered does not inherently suggest a preoccupation with medicine or ailments, as the overall number of such vessels represented was fewer than 20 for the period spanning 1850 to the first half of the twentieth century. What this assemblage does indicate, however, is that while the farm may have been largely self-sufficient in terms of consumables, it was still dependent on the outside world for products such as medicines, which could not be easily fabricated domestically. The fact that such bottles only really began to appear in deposits dating to the second half of the nineteenth century may suggest a change in preference from home remedies comprised of herbs and plants to more mass-produced remedies. Most of the small assemblage of eighteenth-century glass was found in the west yard. Notable among these was an enameled German glass tumbler, interpreted as a possible expression of Germanic identity. Glass decorated in this manner was commonly produced in the German Lowlands for hundreds of years beginning in the sixteenth century. German enameled glass remained popular among Germanic populations into the nineteenth century and is often found in association with families hailing from the Germanic states. Such glass was made in the New World by German immigrants such as Henry William Stiegel, who began producing enameled glass in Manheim, Pennsylvania, in the 1760s. Interestingly, Stiegel and Andrew Brumbaugh arrived in Philadelphia on the same ship, the Nancy, in 1750 (F. W. Hunter, Baron Stiegel and American Glass, 1913; Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Genealogy of the Brumbach Families, 1913). Feature 70 Notable assemblages of glass were recovered from Feature 70 (a midden to the west of the Feature 34 foundation), Feature 84 (a barrel privy between the Feature 6 and Feature 34 Foundations), and the chickenhouse in the north yard. Feature 70 contained three general apothecary bottles, two aqua and one colorless, and an aqua medicine bottle. While the shapes of the bottles recovered from Feature 70 varied, they were all quite small and short. Dating of the bottles places them in the period from the 1860s to 1870s and indicates that they were apothecary in nature. Feature 84 Feature 84 contained fragments of four distinct bottles dating to the second half of the nineteenth century. All of the identifiable vessels in Feature 84 were related to apothecary or medical consumption rather than beverage consumption. The dates of the vessels in the Feature 84 deposit suggest that it was abandoned after Feature 70, but the similarity in deposited glass materials suggests continuity in the consumption patterns with regard to apothecary and medical products during the second half of the nineteenth century. It would seem that the bottle medicines on offer during the late 1870s through 1880s that ended up in Feature 84 were typically anti-inflammatory in nature, used on sore throats and coughs. This too is similar to the types of medicines observed in the slightly earlier Feature 70. Chickenhouse The final major grouping of bottles occurred around the chickenhouse in the northern yard of the house, which appears to have been used as a dumping area in the twentieth century. Surface collection resulted in the recovery of five bottles dating to the first quarter of the twentieth century. All of these vessels were apothecary or medicinal. Glass Gallery

Vessel G-0005 consisted of fragments of an enameled glass tumbler recovered from the yard to the west of the house. While the tumbler is not intact enough to discern a diagnostic pattern or determine whether the glass was continental or colonial, its presence does suggest that its owner was expressing an association with Germanic identity. The presence of this tumbler in the earliest yard deposit strongly suggests that it may be related to Andrew Brumbaugh, the immigrant, and originator of the Brumbaugh line.

Vessel G-0011 was an apothecary bottle recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage. This bottle was classified as a French square shape bottle that featured chamfered corners and a tooled prescription finish. The French square shape of vessel G-0011 indicates that it was produced between 1866 and 1920 (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018, George B. Griffenhagen and Mary Bogard, History of Drug Containers and their Labels, 1999).

Vessel G-0015 was a small cylindrical bottle produced in a cup-bottom mold and featuring a prescription finish. The shape of G-0015 suggests that it was produced between 1850 and 1915, although the lack of diagnostic markings make it difficult to refine the chronology any further (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018). This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0016, was an aqua medicine bottle that was a small, thin-bodied, rectangular shaped bottle with paneled sides and a tooled patent finish produced in a cup-bottom mold. Based on its manufacture technique, vessel G-0016 was produced between 1850 and 1915. This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0017 was a rectangular shaped bottle produced in a cupbottom mold, had a pontil mark on the base and showed evidence of a tooled patent finish. The front panel of vessel G-0017 featured the embossing "WHITE/Oil" encircling a bell, while the side panels featured the embossed words “Hagerstown MD” and "H Bell." The Bell’s White Oil company appears in newspapers between c. 1866 and the mid-1870s. In the 1860s Bell’s White Oil is advertised as a general purpose anti-inflammatory. Curiously, however, the marketing of this drug was not limited to humans, as by 1873, advertisements in the The Herald and Torch Light newspaper described Bell’s White Oil as a remedy for an epizootic disease among horses call Hipporhiorrhea. It is claimed that “BELL’s WHITE OIL applied to the throat will relieve the swelling and afford immediate relief to horses having the Epizootic.” This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0012 was a small a pharmacy bottle with a tooled patent finish and embossed with bore embossing that read, "M.L. BYERS / DRUGGIST / HAGERSTOWN MD//W T & Co." M.L. Byers began advertising in Hagerstown regional newspapers by about 1874 and was active until 1896 when the company was dissolved. The notice of dissolution in 1896 indicated that the company had been in business for 30 years, placing its inception in 1866 (American Druggist’s Circular and Chemical Gazette, v. 40, 1896). Vessel G-0012 was marked on the base with "W.T. & Co.” This marking was produced by Whitall Tatum & Co., a producer of prescription glass. Based on the style and placement of the “W.T. & Co.” mark the bottle was most likely produced between 1880 and 1895, making it the most recently produced bottle in the Feature 84 deposit.

Vessel G-0010 cam from Feature 70, and was a small oval shaped medicine bottle embossed on the exterior with "S.F. CROFT/APOTHECARY/HAGERSTOWN." It featured a tooled prescription finish and was produced in a cupbottom mold. Bottles of this type were produced between 1875 and 1890. S.F. Croft, the apothecary, frequently advertised in the Hagerstown newspapers such as The Herald and Torch Light, selling bottled products such as Boschee’s German Syrup, a cure for “consumption, asthma, pneumonia, croup, hemorrhages and other fatal diseases” as well as hair tonics, flavoring extracts and cologne. Based on his advertisements, S.F. Croft appears to have been most active in the last part of the1870s and the first half of the 1880s. 4

G-0013 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. It was oval shaped and embossed with “6777” on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

G-0014 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. This bottle was square shaped and embossed with the Owens Illinois mark and “14/4.” The bottle dates to the early twentieth century and was part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

Vessel G-0018 was similar in size to G-0013 and G-0014, but was made of an amber glass and was oval shaped with chamfered corners. It was produced in a cup mold and featured a small threaded mouth, Owens scar, and embossing on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

The examination of the glass bottle assemblage highlighted several patterns. First, the relative absence of olive glass or glass bottle/vessels in late eighteenth to early nineteenth century deposits is notable as it may hint at consumption patterns at this time. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, glass vessels, especially bottles, were a common feature of domestic sites in town and urban settings where people were largely dependent on products produced elsewhere. Farms during this early period were more self-sufficient, however, and would likely have produced more of their own consumables. During the Brumbaugh family occupation the farm boasted a substantial orchard and a cider press, and perhaps the family was making its own beverages and storing them in casks rather than bottles thereby explaining the absence of such glass vessels from the deposits dating to this period. The second major trend observed is that the bottle types that manifested in deposits and features on the farm, regardless of temporal association, tended to be exclusively apothecary or medicinal in nature. The fact that such bottles were principally the only glass bottles recovered does not inherently suggest a preoccupation with medicine or ailments, as the overall number of such vessels represented was fewer than 20 for the period spanning 1850 to the first half of the twentieth century. What this assemblage does indicate, however, is that while the farm may have been largely self-sufficient in terms of consumables, it was still dependent on the outside world for products such as medicines, which could not be easily fabricated domestically. The fact that such bottles only really began to appear in deposits dating to the second half of the nineteenth century may suggest a change in preference from home remedies comprised of herbs and plants to more mass-produced remedies. Most of the small assemblage of eighteenth-century glass was found in the west yard. Notable among these was an enameled German glass tumbler, interpreted as a possible expression of Germanic identity. Glass decorated in this manner was commonly produced in the German Lowlands for hundreds of years beginning in the sixteenth century. German enameled glass remained popular among Germanic populations into the nineteenth century and is often found in association with families hailing from the Germanic states. Such glass was made in the New World by German immigrants such as Henry William Stiegel, who began producing enameled glass in Manheim, Pennsylvania, in the 1760s. Interestingly, Stiegel and Andrew Brumbaugh arrived in Philadelphia on the same ship, the Nancy, in 1750 (F. W. Hunter, Baron Stiegel and American Glass, 1913; Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Genealogy of the Brumbach Families, 1913). Feature 70 Notable assemblages of glass were recovered from Feature 70 (a midden to the west of the Feature 34 foundation), Feature 84 (a barrel privy between the Feature 6 and Feature 34 Foundations), and the chickenhouse in the north yard. Feature 70 contained three general apothecary bottles, two aqua and one colorless, and an aqua medicine bottle. While the shapes of the bottles recovered from Feature 70 varied, they were all quite small and short. Dating of the bottles places them in the period from the 1860s to 1870s and indicates that they were apothecary in nature. Feature 84 Feature 84 contained fragments of four distinct bottles dating to the second half of the nineteenth century. All of the identifiable vessels in Feature 84 were related to apothecary or medical consumption rather than beverage consumption. The dates of the vessels in the Feature 84 deposit suggest that it was abandoned after Feature 70, but the similarity in deposited glass materials suggests continuity in the consumption patterns with regard to apothecary and medical products during the second half of the nineteenth century. It would seem that the bottle medicines on offer during the late 1870s through 1880s that ended up in Feature 84 were typically anti-inflammatory in nature, used on sore throats and coughs. This too is similar to the types of medicines observed in the slightly earlier Feature 70. Chickenhouse The final major grouping of bottles occurred around the chickenhouse in the northern yard of the house, which appears to have been used as a dumping area in the twentieth century. Surface collection resulted in the recovery of five bottles dating to the first quarter of the twentieth century. All of these vessels were apothecary or medicinal. Glass Gallery

Vessel G-0005 consisted of fragments of an enameled glass tumbler recovered from the yard to the west of the house. While the tumbler is not intact enough to discern a diagnostic pattern or determine whether the glass was continental or colonial, its presence does suggest that its owner was expressing an association with Germanic identity. The presence of this tumbler in the earliest yard deposit strongly suggests that it may be related to Andrew Brumbaugh, the immigrant, and originator of the Brumbaugh line.

Vessel G-0011 was an apothecary bottle recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage. This bottle was classified as a French square shape bottle that featured chamfered corners and a tooled prescription finish. The French square shape of vessel G-0011 indicates that it was produced between 1866 and 1920 (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018, George B. Griffenhagen and Mary Bogard, History of Drug Containers and their Labels, 1999).

Vessel G-0015 was a small cylindrical bottle produced in a cup-bottom mold and featuring a prescription finish. The shape of G-0015 suggests that it was produced between 1850 and 1915, although the lack of diagnostic markings make it difficult to refine the chronology any further (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018). This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0016, was an aqua medicine bottle that was a small, thin-bodied, rectangular shaped bottle with paneled sides and a tooled patent finish produced in a cup-bottom mold. Based on its manufacture technique, vessel G-0016 was produced between 1850 and 1915. This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0017 was a rectangular shaped bottle produced in a cupbottom mold, had a pontil mark on the base and showed evidence of a tooled patent finish. The front panel of vessel G-0017 featured the embossing "WHITE/Oil" encircling a bell, while the side panels featured the embossed words “Hagerstown MD” and "H Bell." The Bell’s White Oil company appears in newspapers between c. 1866 and the mid-1870s. In the 1860s Bell’s White Oil is advertised as a general purpose anti-inflammatory. Curiously, however, the marketing of this drug was not limited to humans, as by 1873, advertisements in the The Herald and Torch Light newspaper described Bell’s White Oil as a remedy for an epizootic disease among horses call Hipporhiorrhea. It is claimed that “BELL’s WHITE OIL applied to the throat will relieve the swelling and afford immediate relief to horses having the Epizootic.” This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0012 was a small a pharmacy bottle with a tooled patent finish and embossed with bore embossing that read, "M.L. BYERS / DRUGGIST / HAGERSTOWN MD//W T & Co." M.L. Byers began advertising in Hagerstown regional newspapers by about 1874 and was active until 1896 when the company was dissolved. The notice of dissolution in 1896 indicated that the company had been in business for 30 years, placing its inception in 1866 (American Druggist’s Circular and Chemical Gazette, v. 40, 1896). Vessel G-0012 was marked on the base with "W.T. & Co.” This marking was produced by Whitall Tatum & Co., a producer of prescription glass. Based on the style and placement of the “W.T. & Co.” mark the bottle was most likely produced between 1880 and 1895, making it the most recently produced bottle in the Feature 84 deposit.

Vessel G-0010 cam from Feature 70, and was a small oval shaped medicine bottle embossed on the exterior with "S.F. CROFT/APOTHECARY/HAGERSTOWN." It featured a tooled prescription finish and was produced in a cupbottom mold. Bottles of this type were produced between 1875 and 1890. S.F. Croft, the apothecary, frequently advertised in the Hagerstown newspapers such as The Herald and Torch Light, selling bottled products such as Boschee’s German Syrup, a cure for “consumption, asthma, pneumonia, croup, hemorrhages and other fatal diseases” as well as hair tonics, flavoring extracts and cologne. Based on his advertisements, S.F. Croft appears to have been most active in the last part of the1870s and the first half of the 1880s. 4

G-0013 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. It was oval shaped and embossed with “6777” on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

G-0014 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. This bottle was square shaped and embossed with the Owens Illinois mark and “14/4.” The bottle dates to the early twentieth century and was part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

Vessel G-0018 was similar in size to G-0013 and G-0014, but was made of an amber glass and was oval shaped with chamfered corners. It was produced in a cup mold and featured a small threaded mouth, Owens scar, and embossing on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

The examination of the glass bottle assemblage highlighted several patterns. First, the relative absence of olive glass or glass bottle/vessels in late eighteenth to early nineteenth century deposits is notable as it may hint at consumption patterns at this time. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, glass vessels, especially bottles, were a common feature of domestic sites in town and urban settings where people were largely dependent on products produced elsewhere. Farms during this early period were more self-sufficient, however, and would likely have produced more of their own consumables. During the Brumbaugh family occupation the farm boasted a substantial orchard and a cider press, and perhaps the family was making its own beverages and storing them in casks rather than bottles thereby explaining the absence of such glass vessels from the deposits dating to this period. The second major trend observed is that the bottle types that manifested in deposits and features on the farm, regardless of temporal association, tended to be exclusively apothecary or medicinal in nature. The fact that such bottles were principally the only glass bottles recovered does not inherently suggest a preoccupation with medicine or ailments, as the overall number of such vessels represented was fewer than 20 for the period spanning 1850 to the first half of the twentieth century. What this assemblage does indicate, however, is that while the farm may have been largely self-sufficient in terms of consumables, it was still dependent on the outside world for products such as medicines, which could not be easily fabricated domestically. The fact that such bottles only really began to appear in deposits dating to the second half of the nineteenth century may suggest a change in preference from home remedies comprised of herbs and plants to more mass-produced remedies. Most of the small assemblage of eighteenth-century glass was found in the west yard. Notable among these was an enameled German glass tumbler, interpreted as a possible expression of Germanic identity. Glass decorated in this manner was commonly produced in the German Lowlands for hundreds of years beginning in the sixteenth century. German enameled glass remained popular among Germanic populations into the nineteenth century and is often found in association with families hailing from the Germanic states. Such glass was made in the New World by German immigrants such as Henry William Stiegel, who began producing enameled glass in Manheim, Pennsylvania, in the 1760s. Interestingly, Stiegel and Andrew Brumbaugh arrived in Philadelphia on the same ship, the Nancy, in 1750 (F. W. Hunter, Baron Stiegel and American Glass, 1913; Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Genealogy of the Brumbach Families, 1913). Feature 70 Notable assemblages of glass were recovered from Feature 70 (a midden to the west of the Feature 34 foundation), Feature 84 (a barrel privy between the Feature 6 and Feature 34 Foundations), and the chickenhouse in the north yard. Feature 70 contained three general apothecary bottles, two aqua and one colorless, and an aqua medicine bottle. While the shapes of the bottles recovered from Feature 70 varied, they were all quite small and short. Dating of the bottles places them in the period from the 1860s to 1870s and indicates that they were apothecary in nature. Feature 84 Feature 84 contained fragments of four distinct bottles dating to the second half of the nineteenth century. All of the identifiable vessels in Feature 84 were related to apothecary or medical consumption rather than beverage consumption. The dates of the vessels in the Feature 84 deposit suggest that it was abandoned after Feature 70, but the similarity in deposited glass materials suggests continuity in the consumption patterns with regard to apothecary and medical products during the second half of the nineteenth century. It would seem that the bottle medicines on offer during the late 1870s through 1880s that ended up in Feature 84 were typically anti-inflammatory in nature, used on sore throats and coughs. This too is similar to the types of medicines observed in the slightly earlier Feature 70. Chickenhouse The final major grouping of bottles occurred around the chickenhouse in the northern yard of the house, which appears to have been used as a dumping area in the twentieth century. Surface collection resulted in the recovery of five bottles dating to the first quarter of the twentieth century. All of these vessels were apothecary or medicinal. Glass Gallery

Vessel G-0005 consisted of fragments of an enameled glass tumbler recovered from the yard to the west of the house. While the tumbler is not intact enough to discern a diagnostic pattern or determine whether the glass was continental or colonial, its presence does suggest that its owner was expressing an association with Germanic identity. The presence of this tumbler in the earliest yard deposit strongly suggests that it may be related to Andrew Brumbaugh, the immigrant, and originator of the Brumbaugh line.

Vessel G-0011 was an apothecary bottle recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage. This bottle was classified as a French square shape bottle that featured chamfered corners and a tooled prescription finish. The French square shape of vessel G-0011 indicates that it was produced between 1866 and 1920 (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018, George B. Griffenhagen and Mary Bogard, History of Drug Containers and their Labels, 1999).

Vessel G-0015 was a small cylindrical bottle produced in a cup-bottom mold and featuring a prescription finish. The shape of G-0015 suggests that it was produced between 1850 and 1915, although the lack of diagnostic markings make it difficult to refine the chronology any further (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018). This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0016, was an aqua medicine bottle that was a small, thin-bodied, rectangular shaped bottle with paneled sides and a tooled patent finish produced in a cup-bottom mold. Based on its manufacture technique, vessel G-0016 was produced between 1850 and 1915. This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0017 was a rectangular shaped bottle produced in a cupbottom mold, had a pontil mark on the base and showed evidence of a tooled patent finish. The front panel of vessel G-0017 featured the embossing "WHITE/Oil" encircling a bell, while the side panels featured the embossed words “Hagerstown MD” and "H Bell." The Bell’s White Oil company appears in newspapers between c. 1866 and the mid-1870s. In the 1860s Bell’s White Oil is advertised as a general purpose anti-inflammatory. Curiously, however, the marketing of this drug was not limited to humans, as by 1873, advertisements in the The Herald and Torch Light newspaper described Bell’s White Oil as a remedy for an epizootic disease among horses call Hipporhiorrhea. It is claimed that “BELL’s WHITE OIL applied to the throat will relieve the swelling and afford immediate relief to horses having the Epizootic.” This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0012 was a small a pharmacy bottle with a tooled patent finish and embossed with bore embossing that read, "M.L. BYERS / DRUGGIST / HAGERSTOWN MD//W T & Co." M.L. Byers began advertising in Hagerstown regional newspapers by about 1874 and was active until 1896 when the company was dissolved. The notice of dissolution in 1896 indicated that the company had been in business for 30 years, placing its inception in 1866 (American Druggist’s Circular and Chemical Gazette, v. 40, 1896). Vessel G-0012 was marked on the base with "W.T. & Co.” This marking was produced by Whitall Tatum & Co., a producer of prescription glass. Based on the style and placement of the “W.T. & Co.” mark the bottle was most likely produced between 1880 and 1895, making it the most recently produced bottle in the Feature 84 deposit.

Vessel G-0010 cam from Feature 70, and was a small oval shaped medicine bottle embossed on the exterior with "S.F. CROFT/APOTHECARY/HAGERSTOWN." It featured a tooled prescription finish and was produced in a cupbottom mold. Bottles of this type were produced between 1875 and 1890. S.F. Croft, the apothecary, frequently advertised in the Hagerstown newspapers such as The Herald and Torch Light, selling bottled products such as Boschee’s German Syrup, a cure for “consumption, asthma, pneumonia, croup, hemorrhages and other fatal diseases” as well as hair tonics, flavoring extracts and cologne. Based on his advertisements, S.F. Croft appears to have been most active in the last part of the1870s and the first half of the 1880s. 4

G-0013 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. It was oval shaped and embossed with “6777” on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

G-0014 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. This bottle was square shaped and embossed with the Owens Illinois mark and “14/4.” The bottle dates to the early twentieth century and was part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

Vessel G-0018 was similar in size to G-0013 and G-0014, but was made of an amber glass and was oval shaped with chamfered corners. It was produced in a cup mold and featured a small threaded mouth, Owens scar, and embossing on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

The examination of the glass bottle assemblage highlighted several patterns. First, the relative absence of olive glass or glass bottle/vessels in late eighteenth to early nineteenth century deposits is notable as it may hint at consumption patterns at this time. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, glass vessels, especially bottles, were a common feature of domestic sites in town and urban settings where people were largely dependent on products produced elsewhere. Farms during this early period were more self-sufficient, however, and would likely have produced more of their own consumables. During the Brumbaugh family occupation the farm boasted a substantial orchard and a cider press, and perhaps the family was making its own beverages and storing them in casks rather than bottles thereby explaining the absence of such glass vessels from the deposits dating to this period. The second major trend observed is that the bottle types that manifested in deposits and features on the farm, regardless of temporal association, tended to be exclusively apothecary or medicinal in nature. The fact that such bottles were principally the only glass bottles recovered does not inherently suggest a preoccupation with medicine or ailments, as the overall number of such vessels represented was fewer than 20 for the period spanning 1850 to the first half of the twentieth century. What this assemblage does indicate, however, is that while the farm may have been largely self-sufficient in terms of consumables, it was still dependent on the outside world for products such as medicines, which could not be easily fabricated domestically. The fact that such bottles only really began to appear in deposits dating to the second half of the nineteenth century may suggest a change in preference from home remedies comprised of herbs and plants to more mass-produced remedies. Most of the small assemblage of eighteenth-century glass was found in the west yard. Notable among these was an enameled German glass tumbler, interpreted as a possible expression of Germanic identity. Glass decorated in this manner was commonly produced in the German Lowlands for hundreds of years beginning in the sixteenth century. German enameled glass remained popular among Germanic populations into the nineteenth century and is often found in association with families hailing from the Germanic states. Such glass was made in the New World by German immigrants such as Henry William Stiegel, who began producing enameled glass in Manheim, Pennsylvania, in the 1760s. Interestingly, Stiegel and Andrew Brumbaugh arrived in Philadelphia on the same ship, the Nancy, in 1750 (F. W. Hunter, Baron Stiegel and American Glass, 1913; Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Genealogy of the Brumbach Families, 1913). Feature 70 Notable assemblages of glass were recovered from Feature 70 (a midden to the west of the Feature 34 foundation), Feature 84 (a barrel privy between the Feature 6 and Feature 34 Foundations), and the chickenhouse in the north yard. Feature 70 contained three general apothecary bottles, two aqua and one colorless, and an aqua medicine bottle. While the shapes of the bottles recovered from Feature 70 varied, they were all quite small and short. Dating of the bottles places them in the period from the 1860s to 1870s and indicates that they were apothecary in nature. Feature 84 Feature 84 contained fragments of four distinct bottles dating to the second half of the nineteenth century. All of the identifiable vessels in Feature 84 were related to apothecary or medical consumption rather than beverage consumption. The dates of the vessels in the Feature 84 deposit suggest that it was abandoned after Feature 70, but the similarity in deposited glass materials suggests continuity in the consumption patterns with regard to apothecary and medical products during the second half of the nineteenth century. It would seem that the bottle medicines on offer during the late 1870s through 1880s that ended up in Feature 84 were typically anti-inflammatory in nature, used on sore throats and coughs. This too is similar to the types of medicines observed in the slightly earlier Feature 70. Chickenhouse The final major grouping of bottles occurred around the chickenhouse in the northern yard of the house, which appears to have been used as a dumping area in the twentieth century. Surface collection resulted in the recovery of five bottles dating to the first quarter of the twentieth century. All of these vessels were apothecary or medicinal. Glass Gallery

Vessel G-0005 consisted of fragments of an enameled glass tumbler recovered from the yard to the west of the house. While the tumbler is not intact enough to discern a diagnostic pattern or determine whether the glass was continental or colonial, its presence does suggest that its owner was expressing an association with Germanic identity. The presence of this tumbler in the earliest yard deposit strongly suggests that it may be related to Andrew Brumbaugh, the immigrant, and originator of the Brumbaugh line.

Vessel G-0011 was an apothecary bottle recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage. This bottle was classified as a French square shape bottle that featured chamfered corners and a tooled prescription finish. The French square shape of vessel G-0011 indicates that it was produced between 1866 and 1920 (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018, George B. Griffenhagen and Mary Bogard, History of Drug Containers and their Labels, 1999).

Vessel G-0015 was a small cylindrical bottle produced in a cup-bottom mold and featuring a prescription finish. The shape of G-0015 suggests that it was produced between 1850 and 1915, although the lack of diagnostic markings make it difficult to refine the chronology any further (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018). This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0016, was an aqua medicine bottle that was a small, thin-bodied, rectangular shaped bottle with paneled sides and a tooled patent finish produced in a cup-bottom mold. Based on its manufacture technique, vessel G-0016 was produced between 1850 and 1915. This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0017 was a rectangular shaped bottle produced in a cupbottom mold, had a pontil mark on the base and showed evidence of a tooled patent finish. The front panel of vessel G-0017 featured the embossing "WHITE/Oil" encircling a bell, while the side panels featured the embossed words “Hagerstown MD” and "H Bell." The Bell’s White Oil company appears in newspapers between c. 1866 and the mid-1870s. In the 1860s Bell’s White Oil is advertised as a general purpose anti-inflammatory. Curiously, however, the marketing of this drug was not limited to humans, as by 1873, advertisements in the The Herald and Torch Light newspaper described Bell’s White Oil as a remedy for an epizootic disease among horses call Hipporhiorrhea. It is claimed that “BELL’s WHITE OIL applied to the throat will relieve the swelling and afford immediate relief to horses having the Epizootic.” This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0012 was a small a pharmacy bottle with a tooled patent finish and embossed with bore embossing that read, "M.L. BYERS / DRUGGIST / HAGERSTOWN MD//W T & Co." M.L. Byers began advertising in Hagerstown regional newspapers by about 1874 and was active until 1896 when the company was dissolved. The notice of dissolution in 1896 indicated that the company had been in business for 30 years, placing its inception in 1866 (American Druggist’s Circular and Chemical Gazette, v. 40, 1896). Vessel G-0012 was marked on the base with "W.T. & Co.” This marking was produced by Whitall Tatum & Co., a producer of prescription glass. Based on the style and placement of the “W.T. & Co.” mark the bottle was most likely produced between 1880 and 1895, making it the most recently produced bottle in the Feature 84 deposit.

Vessel G-0010 cam from Feature 70, and was a small oval shaped medicine bottle embossed on the exterior with "S.F. CROFT/APOTHECARY/HAGERSTOWN." It featured a tooled prescription finish and was produced in a cupbottom mold. Bottles of this type were produced between 1875 and 1890. S.F. Croft, the apothecary, frequently advertised in the Hagerstown newspapers such as The Herald and Torch Light, selling bottled products such as Boschee’s German Syrup, a cure for “consumption, asthma, pneumonia, croup, hemorrhages and other fatal diseases” as well as hair tonics, flavoring extracts and cologne. Based on his advertisements, S.F. Croft appears to have been most active in the last part of the1870s and the first half of the 1880s. 4

G-0013 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. It was oval shaped and embossed with “6777” on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

G-0014 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. This bottle was square shaped and embossed with the Owens Illinois mark and “14/4.” The bottle dates to the early twentieth century and was part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

Vessel G-0018 was similar in size to G-0013 and G-0014, but was made of an amber glass and was oval shaped with chamfered corners. It was produced in a cup mold and featured a small threaded mouth, Owens scar, and embossing on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

The examination of the glass bottle assemblage highlighted several patterns. First, the relative absence of olive glass or glass bottle/vessels in late eighteenth to early nineteenth century deposits is notable as it may hint at consumption patterns at this time. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, glass vessels, especially bottles, were a common feature of domestic sites in town and urban settings where people were largely dependent on products produced elsewhere. Farms during this early period were more self-sufficient, however, and would likely have produced more of their own consumables. During the Brumbaugh family occupation the farm boasted a substantial orchard and a cider press, and perhaps the family was making its own beverages and storing them in casks rather than bottles thereby explaining the absence of such glass vessels from the deposits dating to this period. The second major trend observed is that the bottle types that manifested in deposits and features on the farm, regardless of temporal association, tended to be exclusively apothecary or medicinal in nature. The fact that such bottles were principally the only glass bottles recovered does not inherently suggest a preoccupation with medicine or ailments, as the overall number of such vessels represented was fewer than 20 for the period spanning 1850 to the first half of the twentieth century. What this assemblage does indicate, however, is that while the farm may have been largely self-sufficient in terms of consumables, it was still dependent on the outside world for products such as medicines, which could not be easily fabricated domestically. The fact that such bottles only really began to appear in deposits dating to the second half of the nineteenth century may suggest a change in preference from home remedies comprised of herbs and plants to more mass-produced remedies. Most of the small assemblage of eighteenth-century glass was found in the west yard. Notable among these was an enameled German glass tumbler, interpreted as a possible expression of Germanic identity. Glass decorated in this manner was commonly produced in the German Lowlands for hundreds of years beginning in the sixteenth century. German enameled glass remained popular among Germanic populations into the nineteenth century and is often found in association with families hailing from the Germanic states. Such glass was made in the New World by German immigrants such as Henry William Stiegel, who began producing enameled glass in Manheim, Pennsylvania, in the 1760s. Interestingly, Stiegel and Andrew Brumbaugh arrived in Philadelphia on the same ship, the Nancy, in 1750 (F. W. Hunter, Baron Stiegel and American Glass, 1913; Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Genealogy of the Brumbach Families, 1913). Feature 70 Notable assemblages of glass were recovered from Feature 70 (a midden to the west of the Feature 34 foundation), Feature 84 (a barrel privy between the Feature 6 and Feature 34 Foundations), and the chickenhouse in the north yard. Feature 70 contained three general apothecary bottles, two aqua and one colorless, and an aqua medicine bottle. While the shapes of the bottles recovered from Feature 70 varied, they were all quite small and short. Dating of the bottles places them in the period from the 1860s to 1870s and indicates that they were apothecary in nature. Feature 84 Feature 84 contained fragments of four distinct bottles dating to the second half of the nineteenth century. All of the identifiable vessels in Feature 84 were related to apothecary or medical consumption rather than beverage consumption. The dates of the vessels in the Feature 84 deposit suggest that it was abandoned after Feature 70, but the similarity in deposited glass materials suggests continuity in the consumption patterns with regard to apothecary and medical products during the second half of the nineteenth century. It would seem that the bottle medicines on offer during the late 1870s through 1880s that ended up in Feature 84 were typically anti-inflammatory in nature, used on sore throats and coughs. This too is similar to the types of medicines observed in the slightly earlier Feature 70. Chickenhouse The final major grouping of bottles occurred around the chickenhouse in the northern yard of the house, which appears to have been used as a dumping area in the twentieth century. Surface collection resulted in the recovery of five bottles dating to the first quarter of the twentieth century. All of these vessels were apothecary or medicinal. Glass Gallery

Vessel G-0005 consisted of fragments of an enameled glass tumbler recovered from the yard to the west of the house. While the tumbler is not intact enough to discern a diagnostic pattern or determine whether the glass was continental or colonial, its presence does suggest that its owner was expressing an association with Germanic identity. The presence of this tumbler in the earliest yard deposit strongly suggests that it may be related to Andrew Brumbaugh, the immigrant, and originator of the Brumbaugh line.

Vessel G-0011 was an apothecary bottle recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage. This bottle was classified as a French square shape bottle that featured chamfered corners and a tooled prescription finish. The French square shape of vessel G-0011 indicates that it was produced between 1866 and 1920 (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018, George B. Griffenhagen and Mary Bogard, History of Drug Containers and their Labels, 1999).

Vessel G-0015 was a small cylindrical bottle produced in a cup-bottom mold and featuring a prescription finish. The shape of G-0015 suggests that it was produced between 1850 and 1915, although the lack of diagnostic markings make it difficult to refine the chronology any further (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018). This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0016, was an aqua medicine bottle that was a small, thin-bodied, rectangular shaped bottle with paneled sides and a tooled patent finish produced in a cup-bottom mold. Based on its manufacture technique, vessel G-0016 was produced between 1850 and 1915. This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0017 was a rectangular shaped bottle produced in a cupbottom mold, had a pontil mark on the base and showed evidence of a tooled patent finish. The front panel of vessel G-0017 featured the embossing "WHITE/Oil" encircling a bell, while the side panels featured the embossed words “Hagerstown MD” and "H Bell." The Bell’s White Oil company appears in newspapers between c. 1866 and the mid-1870s. In the 1860s Bell’s White Oil is advertised as a general purpose anti-inflammatory. Curiously, however, the marketing of this drug was not limited to humans, as by 1873, advertisements in the The Herald and Torch Light newspaper described Bell’s White Oil as a remedy for an epizootic disease among horses call Hipporhiorrhea. It is claimed that “BELL’s WHITE OIL applied to the throat will relieve the swelling and afford immediate relief to horses having the Epizootic.” This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0012 was a small a pharmacy bottle with a tooled patent finish and embossed with bore embossing that read, "M.L. BYERS / DRUGGIST / HAGERSTOWN MD//W T & Co." M.L. Byers began advertising in Hagerstown regional newspapers by about 1874 and was active until 1896 when the company was dissolved. The notice of dissolution in 1896 indicated that the company had been in business for 30 years, placing its inception in 1866 (American Druggist’s Circular and Chemical Gazette, v. 40, 1896). Vessel G-0012 was marked on the base with "W.T. & Co.” This marking was produced by Whitall Tatum & Co., a producer of prescription glass. Based on the style and placement of the “W.T. & Co.” mark the bottle was most likely produced between 1880 and 1895, making it the most recently produced bottle in the Feature 84 deposit.

Vessel G-0010 cam from Feature 70, and was a small oval shaped medicine bottle embossed on the exterior with "S.F. CROFT/APOTHECARY/HAGERSTOWN." It featured a tooled prescription finish and was produced in a cupbottom mold. Bottles of this type were produced between 1875 and 1890. S.F. Croft, the apothecary, frequently advertised in the Hagerstown newspapers such as The Herald and Torch Light, selling bottled products such as Boschee’s German Syrup, a cure for “consumption, asthma, pneumonia, croup, hemorrhages and other fatal diseases” as well as hair tonics, flavoring extracts and cologne. Based on his advertisements, S.F. Croft appears to have been most active in the last part of the1870s and the first half of the 1880s. 4

G-0013 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. It was oval shaped and embossed with “6777” on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

G-0014 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. This bottle was square shaped and embossed with the Owens Illinois mark and “14/4.” The bottle dates to the early twentieth century and was part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

Vessel G-0018 was similar in size to G-0013 and G-0014, but was made of an amber glass and was oval shaped with chamfered corners. It was produced in a cup mold and featured a small threaded mouth, Owens scar, and embossing on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

The examination of the glass bottle assemblage highlighted several patterns. First, the relative absence of olive glass or glass bottle/vessels in late eighteenth to early nineteenth century deposits is notable as it may hint at consumption patterns at this time. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, glass vessels, especially bottles, were a common feature of domestic sites in town and urban settings where people were largely dependent on products produced elsewhere. Farms during this early period were more self-sufficient, however, and would likely have produced more of their own consumables. During the Brumbaugh family occupation the farm boasted a substantial orchard and a cider press, and perhaps the family was making its own beverages and storing them in casks rather than bottles thereby explaining the absence of such glass vessels from the deposits dating to this period. The second major trend observed is that the bottle types that manifested in deposits and features on the farm, regardless of temporal association, tended to be exclusively apothecary or medicinal in nature. The fact that such bottles were principally the only glass bottles recovered does not inherently suggest a preoccupation with medicine or ailments, as the overall number of such vessels represented was fewer than 20 for the period spanning 1850 to the first half of the twentieth century. What this assemblage does indicate, however, is that while the farm may have been largely self-sufficient in terms of consumables, it was still dependent on the outside world for products such as medicines, which could not be easily fabricated domestically. The fact that such bottles only really began to appear in deposits dating to the second half of the nineteenth century may suggest a change in preference from home remedies comprised of herbs and plants to more mass-produced remedies. Most of the small assemblage of eighteenth-century glass was found in the west yard. Notable among these was an enameled German glass tumbler, interpreted as a possible expression of Germanic identity. Glass decorated in this manner was commonly produced in the German Lowlands for hundreds of years beginning in the sixteenth century. German enameled glass remained popular among Germanic populations into the nineteenth century and is often found in association with families hailing from the Germanic states. Such glass was made in the New World by German immigrants such as Henry William Stiegel, who began producing enameled glass in Manheim, Pennsylvania, in the 1760s. Interestingly, Stiegel and Andrew Brumbaugh arrived in Philadelphia on the same ship, the Nancy, in 1750 (F. W. Hunter, Baron Stiegel and American Glass, 1913; Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, Genealogy of the Brumbach Families, 1913). Feature 70 Notable assemblages of glass were recovered from Feature 70 (a midden to the west of the Feature 34 foundation), Feature 84 (a barrel privy between the Feature 6 and Feature 34 Foundations), and the chickenhouse in the north yard. Feature 70 contained three general apothecary bottles, two aqua and one colorless, and an aqua medicine bottle. While the shapes of the bottles recovered from Feature 70 varied, they were all quite small and short. Dating of the bottles places them in the period from the 1860s to 1870s and indicates that they were apothecary in nature. Feature 84 Feature 84 contained fragments of four distinct bottles dating to the second half of the nineteenth century. All of the identifiable vessels in Feature 84 were related to apothecary or medical consumption rather than beverage consumption. The dates of the vessels in the Feature 84 deposit suggest that it was abandoned after Feature 70, but the similarity in deposited glass materials suggests continuity in the consumption patterns with regard to apothecary and medical products during the second half of the nineteenth century. It would seem that the bottle medicines on offer during the late 1870s through 1880s that ended up in Feature 84 were typically anti-inflammatory in nature, used on sore throats and coughs. This too is similar to the types of medicines observed in the slightly earlier Feature 70. Chickenhouse The final major grouping of bottles occurred around the chickenhouse in the northern yard of the house, which appears to have been used as a dumping area in the twentieth century. Surface collection resulted in the recovery of five bottles dating to the first quarter of the twentieth century. All of these vessels were apothecary or medicinal. Glass Gallery

Vessel G-0005 consisted of fragments of an enameled glass tumbler recovered from the yard to the west of the house. While the tumbler is not intact enough to discern a diagnostic pattern or determine whether the glass was continental or colonial, its presence does suggest that its owner was expressing an association with Germanic identity. The presence of this tumbler in the earliest yard deposit strongly suggests that it may be related to Andrew Brumbaugh, the immigrant, and originator of the Brumbaugh line.

Vessel G-0011 was an apothecary bottle recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage. This bottle was classified as a French square shape bottle that featured chamfered corners and a tooled prescription finish. The French square shape of vessel G-0011 indicates that it was produced between 1866 and 1920 (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018, George B. Griffenhagen and Mary Bogard, History of Drug Containers and their Labels, 1999).

Vessel G-0015 was a small cylindrical bottle produced in a cup-bottom mold and featuring a prescription finish. The shape of G-0015 suggests that it was produced between 1850 and 1915, although the lack of diagnostic markings make it difficult to refine the chronology any further (Bill Lindsey, Medicinal/Chemical/Druggists Bottles, 2018). This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0016, was an aqua medicine bottle that was a small, thin-bodied, rectangular shaped bottle with paneled sides and a tooled patent finish produced in a cup-bottom mold. Based on its manufacture technique, vessel G-0016 was produced between 1850 and 1915. This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0017 was a rectangular shaped bottle produced in a cupbottom mold, had a pontil mark on the base and showed evidence of a tooled patent finish. The front panel of vessel G-0017 featured the embossing "WHITE/Oil" encircling a bell, while the side panels featured the embossed words “Hagerstown MD” and "H Bell." The Bell’s White Oil company appears in newspapers between c. 1866 and the mid-1870s. In the 1860s Bell’s White Oil is advertised as a general purpose anti-inflammatory. Curiously, however, the marketing of this drug was not limited to humans, as by 1873, advertisements in the The Herald and Torch Light newspaper described Bell’s White Oil as a remedy for an epizootic disease among horses call Hipporhiorrhea. It is claimed that “BELL’s WHITE OIL applied to the throat will relieve the swelling and afford immediate relief to horses having the Epizootic.” This bottle was recovered as part of the Feature 70 assemblage.

Vessel G-0012 was a small a pharmacy bottle with a tooled patent finish and embossed with bore embossing that read, "M.L. BYERS / DRUGGIST / HAGERSTOWN MD//W T & Co." M.L. Byers began advertising in Hagerstown regional newspapers by about 1874 and was active until 1896 when the company was dissolved. The notice of dissolution in 1896 indicated that the company had been in business for 30 years, placing its inception in 1866 (American Druggist’s Circular and Chemical Gazette, v. 40, 1896). Vessel G-0012 was marked on the base with "W.T. & Co.” This marking was produced by Whitall Tatum & Co., a producer of prescription glass. Based on the style and placement of the “W.T. & Co.” mark the bottle was most likely produced between 1880 and 1895, making it the most recently produced bottle in the Feature 84 deposit.

Vessel G-0010 cam from Feature 70, and was a small oval shaped medicine bottle embossed on the exterior with "S.F. CROFT/APOTHECARY/HAGERSTOWN." It featured a tooled prescription finish and was produced in a cupbottom mold. Bottles of this type were produced between 1875 and 1890. S.F. Croft, the apothecary, frequently advertised in the Hagerstown newspapers such as The Herald and Torch Light, selling bottled products such as Boschee’s German Syrup, a cure for “consumption, asthma, pneumonia, croup, hemorrhages and other fatal diseases” as well as hair tonics, flavoring extracts and cologne. Based on his advertisements, S.F. Croft appears to have been most active in the last part of the1870s and the first half of the 1880s. 4

G-0013 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. It was oval shaped and embossed with “6777” on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

G-0014 was a small mouth-threaded bottle made of colorless glass, cup molded, with Owen’s scars on the base and screw top lip. This bottle was square shaped and embossed with the Owens Illinois mark and “14/4.” The bottle dates to the early twentieth century and was part of the chickenhouse assemblage.

Vessel G-0018 was similar in size to G-0013 and G-0014, but was made of an amber glass and was oval shaped with chamfered corners. It was produced in a cup mold and featured a small threaded mouth, Owens scar, and embossing on the base. It was recovered as part of the chickenhouse assemblage.