Ceramics
The analytical role of the ceramic assemblage recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was twofold, first to provide dating evidence that could be used to ascribe temporal contexts to archaeological deposits and features, second to provide insight into the activities and preference of the occupants of the site. The vast majority of the ceramic assemblage from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was composed of coarse earthenware (mostly redwares) and refined earthenware (mostly white-bodied wares), with stoneware and porcelain accounting for very little of the total assemblage. Refined Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
There was a broad range of vessel forms made from red earthenwares (or “redwares”) at the site: bowls, pans, dishes, flower pots, jars, milk pans, and less identifiable objects cataloged as hollowware or indeterminate. Many of the pans, dishes, and bowls were elaborately slip-decorated with a variety of colors including yellow, green, white, brown, and turquoise. On the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site, red earthenware vessels were plentiful and exhibited a high variety of decorations with colored slips, colored glazes, or tin glaze. The red earthenwares from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site illustrate the variety of vessel forms and styles available to the households that lived on the farm in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At this time Hagerstown was a center of thriving red earthenware production, and local populations could purchase items that were both attractive and functional. In fact, the red earthenware assemblage from the site includes vessels that are not common in museum collections, such as the probable Henry Adam slip decorated pans, the slipped and green-glazed jar/bowl, and the tin-glazed sherds. This assemblage provides valuable information about the products of local potters. The abundance of red earthenwares within the ceramic assemblage at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead also demonstrates the scale of patronage of the local German-American potters by the community. Nearly all of the red earthenwares recovered during excavation were likely made by potters working in and around Hagerstown. As the red earthenware assemblage is the largest competent of ceramic assemblage, this would seem to suggest that at least during the Brumbaugh period there was a preference for domestically produced red earthenware over imported materials. The red earthenware component in the ceramic assemblage ties the farm into a prosperous and important ceramic tradition in the region. Red Earthenware Ceramics Gallery

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Ceramics
The analytical role of the ceramic assemblage recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was twofold, first to provide dating evidence that could be used to ascribe temporal contexts to archaeological deposits and features, second to provide insight into the activities and preference of the occupants of the site. The vast majority of the ceramic assemblage from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was composed of coarse earthenware (mostly redwares) and refined earthenware (mostly white-bodied wares), with stoneware and porcelain accounting for very little of the total assemblage. Refined Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
A collection of hand-painted polychrome pearlware fragments dating to c. 1795-1830 recovered from excavations in the west yard. Two examples of the overglaze painted porcelain vessels recovered from excavations in the west yard area. These vessels were hand painted after the porcelain vessel had been initially glazed instead of being painted prior to glazing. Vessels of this type were imported from Asia, principally China and Japan. A tin-glazed ointment pot recovered from excavations in the west yard. This was likely used for medical/pharmaceutical powders, liquids, or salves. The tin-glaze made the otherwise porous body of the ceramic watertight. Objects of this type were imported from Europe and were commonly used in the 18th century. Several sherds of a hand-panted polychrome pearlware lid, c. 1795-1830. This lid belonged to a teapot. Fragments of a similarly decorated pearlware teapot were recovered from the same excavation in the west yard, though not enough of either the lid or the pot was recovered to confirm that they were part of the same vessel.
There was a broad range of vessel forms made from red earthenwares (or “redwares”) at the site: bowls, pans, dishes, flower pots, jars, milk pans, and less identifiable objects cataloged as hollowware or indeterminate. Many of the pans, dishes, and bowls were elaborately slip-decorated with a variety of colors including yellow, green, white, brown, and turquoise. On the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site, red earthenware vessels were plentiful and exhibited a high variety of decorations with colored slips, colored glazes, or tin glaze. The red earthenwares from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site illustrate the variety of vessel forms and styles available to the households that lived on the farm in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At this time Hagerstown was a center of thriving red earthenware production, and local populations could purchase items that were both attractive and functional. In fact, the red earthenware assemblage from the site includes vessels that are not common in museum collections, such as the probable Henry Adam slip decorated pans, the slipped and green-glazed jar/bowl, and the tin-glazed sherds. This assemblage provides valuable information about the products of local potters. The abundance of red earthenwares within the ceramic assemblage at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead also demonstrates the scale of patronage of the local German-American potters by the community. Nearly all of the red earthenwares recovered during excavation were likely made by potters working in and around Hagerstown. As the red earthenware assemblage is the largest competent of ceramic assemblage, this would seem to suggest that at least during the Brumbaugh period there was a preference for domestically produced red earthenware over imported materials. The red earthenware component in the ceramic assemblage ties the farm into a prosperous and important ceramic tradition in the region. Red Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
Concave collared rim form used on many pans from the site. These distinctive collared rims are described in the artifact inventory as “German-style” rims based on their similarities to rims on vessels made in Northern Germany and The Netherlands (J. G. Hurst, David Stanley Neal, H. J. E. Van Beuningen, and Ann Clark, Pottery Produced and Traded in North-
West Europe, 1350-1650, 1986, pages 45, 249) Several dishes or pans have a short collar or flange with coggling on the top of the rim, an unusual combination not seen in available documents or images of European vessels. Coggling around simple cut rims was common on British drape molded slipware dishes and their American-made counterparts but not on thrown or tooled rims. This technique might be confined to the products of one, so far unidentified, potter or pottery working in Hagerstown. Red earthenware pan exhibiting a trailed slip motif of intersecting straight and wavy lines. This example is typical of a common type of slip decoration featuring trailed designs, using slip made from light colored clays, some of which have been colored with copper oxide for green and iron or manganese oxides for shades of brown. The designs are often simple straight and/or wavy lines. A red earthenware pan showing a trailed slip, unknown motif that includes straight and curled lines. A red eartheware pan with a thick folded-over rim with an elaborate trailed slip scrolling design that includes a pomegranate. Red earthenware pan with trailed slip decoration reading "...flege..." and "1774." The letters "...flege..." are possibly a fragment of the German word "pflegen," which translates as "care." German-American potters often used proverbs or short sayings as mottos on the rims of dishes or plates (see, for example, vessels illustrated in Tulip Ware of the Pennsylvania German Potters by Edwin Atlee Barber, 1970) A red earthenware dish with an abstract motif made using both dark brown and white slips and green-colored glaze. It features a collared and coggled rim. A red earthenware pan with a collared rim and arching line and feathered motifs. These multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs were introduced by Henry Adams and his potter brothers after 1797 (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). Another example of a small red earthenware pan or bowl with a collared rim featuring the multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs typical of the style originated by local potter Henry Adams (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). A red earthenware vessel completely covered with slip with a green glaze on the exterior. This vessel could be a small jar, bowl, pitcher, or some other tea or tableware form. The vessel has been trimmed after throwing to be thin bodied, especially on the base, which is very thin. The pale red body is covered with buff-colored slip; on the exterior is a green-tinted glaze that is slightly uneven in coloring. Brown streaks/blotches around the base could be part of a decoration on the missing parts of the vessel. The green/light turquoise color might be what has been referred to as Henry Adam’s “beautiful robin’s egg blue decoration” by Manger and Manger (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 10). On the other hand, its shape appears to be similar to a c.1825 small ovoid jar made by John Bell (Crocker Farm, website, 2016). The shape of the trimmed foot is close to that of the Crocker Farm jar. No matter who was its manufacturer, the combination of overall slip and green covering glaze makes this vessel very unusual. Red bodied tin-glazed earthenware sherds. These twelve sherds have red bodies and light bluish-gray tin glazes. The sherds are small and their vessel forms cannot be determined beyond the level of hollowware. It is possible that they all come from the same vessel but this also cannot be determined because none mend. Some of the sherds have a sponged decoration in blue and two of the other sherds have large blue painted spots that might be part of a floral motif. The John Bell jar discussed on the Crocker Farm site (Crocker Farm, website, 2016) has both sponging and a large-scale floral motif. The interior of the Crocker Farm jar has brown lead glaze on its interior but all of the sherds from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site are tin glazed on both their interiors and exteriors.
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Ceramics
The analytical role of the ceramic assemblage recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was twofold, first to provide dating evidence that could be used to ascribe temporal contexts to archaeological deposits and features, second to provide insight into the activities and preference of the occupants of the site. The vast majority of the ceramic assemblage from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was composed of coarse earthenware (mostly redwares) and refined earthenware (mostly white-bodied wares), with stoneware and porcelain accounting for very little of the total assemblage. Refined Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
A collection of hand-painted polychrome pearlware fragments dating to c. 1795-1830 recovered from excavations in the west yard. Two examples of the overglaze painted porcelain vessels recovered from excavations in the west yard area. These vessels were hand painted after the porcelain vessel had been initially glazed instead of being painted prior to glazing. Vessels of this type were imported from Asia, principally China and Japan. A tin-glazed ointment pot recovered from excavations in the west yard. This was likely used for medical/pharmaceutical powders, liquids, or salves. The tin-glaze made the otherwise porous body of the ceramic watertight. Objects of this type were imported from Europe and were commonly used in the 18th century. Several sherds of a hand-panted polychrome pearlware lid, c. 1795-1830. This lid belonged to a teapot. Fragments of a similarly decorated pearlware teapot were recovered from the same excavation in the west yard, though not enough of either the lid or the pot was recovered to confirm that they were part of the same vessel.
There was a broad range of vessel forms made from red earthenwares (or “redwares”) at the site: bowls, pans, dishes, flower pots, jars, milk pans, and less identifiable objects cataloged as hollowware or indeterminate. Many of the pans, dishes, and bowls were elaborately slip-decorated with a variety of colors including yellow, green, white, brown, and turquoise. On the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site, red earthenware vessels were plentiful and exhibited a high variety of decorations with colored slips, colored glazes, or tin glaze. The red earthenwares from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site illustrate the variety of vessel forms and styles available to the households that lived on the farm in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At this time Hagerstown was a center of thriving red earthenware production, and local populations could purchase items that were both attractive and functional. In fact, the red earthenware assemblage from the site includes vessels that are not common in museum collections, such as the probable Henry Adam slip decorated pans, the slipped and green-glazed jar/bowl, and the tin-glazed sherds. This assemblage provides valuable information about the products of local potters. The abundance of red earthenwares within the ceramic assemblage at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead also demonstrates the scale of patronage of the local German-American potters by the community. Nearly all of the red earthenwares recovered during excavation were likely made by potters working in and around Hagerstown. As the red earthenware assemblage is the largest competent of ceramic assemblage, this would seem to suggest that at least during the Brumbaugh period there was a preference for domestically produced red earthenware over imported materials. The red earthenware component in the ceramic assemblage ties the farm into a prosperous and important ceramic tradition in the region. Red Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
Concave collared rim form used on many pans from the site. These distinctive collared rims are described in the artifact inventory as “German-style” rims based on their similarities to rims on vessels made in Northern Germany and The Netherlands (J. G. Hurst, David Stanley Neal, H. J. E. Van Beuningen, and Ann Clark, Pottery Produced and Traded in North-
West Europe, 1350-1650, 1986, pages 45, 249) Several dishes or pans have a short collar or flange with coggling on the top of the rim, an unusual combination not seen in available documents or images of European vessels. Coggling around simple cut rims was common on British drape molded slipware dishes and their American-made counterparts but not on thrown or tooled rims. This technique might be confined to the products of one, so far unidentified, potter or pottery working in Hagerstown. Red earthenware pan exhibiting a trailed slip motif of intersecting straight and wavy lines. This example is typical of a common type of slip decoration featuring trailed designs, using slip made from light colored clays, some of which have been colored with copper oxide for green and iron or manganese oxides for shades of brown. The designs are often simple straight and/or wavy lines. A red earthenware pan showing a trailed slip, unknown motif that includes straight and curled lines. A red eartheware pan with a thick folded-over rim with an elaborate trailed slip scrolling design that includes a pomegranate. Red earthenware pan with trailed slip decoration reading "...flege..." and "1774." The letters "...flege..." are possibly a fragment of the German word "pflegen," which translates as "care." German-American potters often used proverbs or short sayings as mottos on the rims of dishes or plates (see, for example, vessels illustrated in Tulip Ware of the Pennsylvania German Potters by Edwin Atlee Barber, 1970) A red earthenware dish with an abstract motif made using both dark brown and white slips and green-colored glaze. It features a collared and coggled rim. A red earthenware pan with a collared rim and arching line and feathered motifs. These multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs were introduced by Henry Adams and his potter brothers after 1797 (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). Another example of a small red earthenware pan or bowl with a collared rim featuring the multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs typical of the style originated by local potter Henry Adams (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). A red earthenware vessel completely covered with slip with a green glaze on the exterior. This vessel could be a small jar, bowl, pitcher, or some other tea or tableware form. The vessel has been trimmed after throwing to be thin bodied, especially on the base, which is very thin. The pale red body is covered with buff-colored slip; on the exterior is a green-tinted glaze that is slightly uneven in coloring. Brown streaks/blotches around the base could be part of a decoration on the missing parts of the vessel. The green/light turquoise color might be what has been referred to as Henry Adam’s “beautiful robin’s egg blue decoration” by Manger and Manger (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 10). On the other hand, its shape appears to be similar to a c.1825 small ovoid jar made by John Bell (Crocker Farm, website, 2016). The shape of the trimmed foot is close to that of the Crocker Farm jar. No matter who was its manufacturer, the combination of overall slip and green covering glaze makes this vessel very unusual. Red bodied tin-glazed earthenware sherds. These twelve sherds have red bodies and light bluish-gray tin glazes. The sherds are small and their vessel forms cannot be determined beyond the level of hollowware. It is possible that they all come from the same vessel but this also cannot be determined because none mend. Some of the sherds have a sponged decoration in blue and two of the other sherds have large blue painted spots that might be part of a floral motif. The John Bell jar discussed on the Crocker Farm site (Crocker Farm, website, 2016) has both sponging and a large-scale floral motif. The interior of the Crocker Farm jar has brown lead glaze on its interior but all of the sherds from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site are tin glazed on both their interiors and exteriors.
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Ceramics
The analytical role of the ceramic assemblage recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was twofold, first to provide dating evidence that could be used to ascribe temporal contexts to archaeological deposits and features, second to provide insight into the activities and preference of the occupants of the site. The vast majority of the ceramic assemblage from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was composed of coarse earthenware (mostly redwares) and refined earthenware (mostly white-bodied wares), with stoneware and porcelain accounting for very little of the total assemblage. Refined Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
A collection of hand-painted polychrome pearlware fragments dating to c. 1795-1830 recovered from excavations in the west yard. Two examples of the overglaze painted porcelain vessels recovered from excavations in the west yard area. These vessels were hand painted after the porcelain vessel had been initially glazed instead of being painted prior to glazing. Vessels of this type were imported from Asia, principally China and Japan. A tin-glazed ointment pot recovered from excavations in the west yard. This was likely used for medical/pharmaceutical powders, liquids, or salves. The tin-glaze made the otherwise porous body of the ceramic watertight. Objects of this type were imported from Europe and were commonly used in the 18th century. Several sherds of a hand-panted polychrome pearlware lid, c. 1795-1830. This lid belonged to a teapot. Fragments of a similarly decorated pearlware teapot were recovered from the same excavation in the west yard, though not enough of either the lid or the pot was recovered to confirm that they were part of the same vessel.
There was a broad range of vessel forms made from red earthenwares (or “redwares”) at the site: bowls, pans, dishes, flower pots, jars, milk pans, and less identifiable objects cataloged as hollowware or indeterminate. Many of the pans, dishes, and bowls were elaborately slip-decorated with a variety of colors including yellow, green, white, brown, and turquoise. On the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site, red earthenware vessels were plentiful and exhibited a high variety of decorations with colored slips, colored glazes, or tin glaze. The red earthenwares from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site illustrate the variety of vessel forms and styles available to the households that lived on the farm in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At this time Hagerstown was a center of thriving red earthenware production, and local populations could purchase items that were both attractive and functional. In fact, the red earthenware assemblage from the site includes vessels that are not common in museum collections, such as the probable Henry Adam slip decorated pans, the slipped and green-glazed jar/bowl, and the tin-glazed sherds. This assemblage provides valuable information about the products of local potters. The abundance of red earthenwares within the ceramic assemblage at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead also demonstrates the scale of patronage of the local German-American potters by the community. Nearly all of the red earthenwares recovered during excavation were likely made by potters working in and around Hagerstown. As the red earthenware assemblage is the largest competent of ceramic assemblage, this would seem to suggest that at least during the Brumbaugh period there was a preference for domestically produced red earthenware over imported materials. The red earthenware component in the ceramic assemblage ties the farm into a prosperous and important ceramic tradition in the region. Red Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
Concave collared rim form used on many pans from the site. These distinctive collared rims are described in the artifact inventory as “German-style” rims based on their similarities to rims on vessels made in Northern Germany and The Netherlands (J. G. Hurst, David Stanley Neal, H. J. E. Van Beuningen, and Ann Clark, Pottery Produced and Traded in North-
West Europe, 1350-1650, 1986, pages 45, 249) Several dishes or pans have a short collar or flange with coggling on the top of the rim, an unusual combination not seen in available documents or images of European vessels. Coggling around simple cut rims was common on British drape molded slipware dishes and their American-made counterparts but not on thrown or tooled rims. This technique might be confined to the products of one, so far unidentified, potter or pottery working in Hagerstown. Red earthenware pan exhibiting a trailed slip motif of intersecting straight and wavy lines. This example is typical of a common type of slip decoration featuring trailed designs, using slip made from light colored clays, some of which have been colored with copper oxide for green and iron or manganese oxides for shades of brown. The designs are often simple straight and/or wavy lines. A red earthenware pan showing a trailed slip, unknown motif that includes straight and curled lines. A red eartheware pan with a thick folded-over rim with an elaborate trailed slip scrolling design that includes a pomegranate. Red earthenware pan with trailed slip decoration reading "...flege..." and "1774." The letters "...flege..." are possibly a fragment of the German word "pflegen," which translates as "care." German-American potters often used proverbs or short sayings as mottos on the rims of dishes or plates (see, for example, vessels illustrated in Tulip Ware of the Pennsylvania German Potters by Edwin Atlee Barber, 1970) A red earthenware dish with an abstract motif made using both dark brown and white slips and green-colored glaze. It features a collared and coggled rim. A red earthenware pan with a collared rim and arching line and feathered motifs. These multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs were introduced by Henry Adams and his potter brothers after 1797 (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). Another example of a small red earthenware pan or bowl with a collared rim featuring the multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs typical of the style originated by local potter Henry Adams (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). A red earthenware vessel completely covered with slip with a green glaze on the exterior. This vessel could be a small jar, bowl, pitcher, or some other tea or tableware form. The vessel has been trimmed after throwing to be thin bodied, especially on the base, which is very thin. The pale red body is covered with buff-colored slip; on the exterior is a green-tinted glaze that is slightly uneven in coloring. Brown streaks/blotches around the base could be part of a decoration on the missing parts of the vessel. The green/light turquoise color might be what has been referred to as Henry Adam’s “beautiful robin’s egg blue decoration” by Manger and Manger (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 10). On the other hand, its shape appears to be similar to a c.1825 small ovoid jar made by John Bell (Crocker Farm, website, 2016). The shape of the trimmed foot is close to that of the Crocker Farm jar. No matter who was its manufacturer, the combination of overall slip and green covering glaze makes this vessel very unusual. Red bodied tin-glazed earthenware sherds. These twelve sherds have red bodies and light bluish-gray tin glazes. The sherds are small and their vessel forms cannot be determined beyond the level of hollowware. It is possible that they all come from the same vessel but this also cannot be determined because none mend. Some of the sherds have a sponged decoration in blue and two of the other sherds have large blue painted spots that might be part of a floral motif. The John Bell jar discussed on the Crocker Farm site (Crocker Farm, website, 2016) has both sponging and a large-scale floral motif. The interior of the Crocker Farm jar has brown lead glaze on its interior but all of the sherds from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site are tin glazed on both their interiors and exteriors.
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Ceramics
The analytical role of the ceramic assemblage recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was twofold, first to provide dating evidence that could be used to ascribe temporal contexts to archaeological deposits and features, second to provide insight into the activities and preference of the occupants of the site. The vast majority of the ceramic assemblage from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was composed of coarse earthenware (mostly redwares) and refined earthenware (mostly white-bodied wares), with stoneware and porcelain accounting for very little of the total assemblage. Refined Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
A collection of hand-painted polychrome pearlware fragments dating to c. 1795-1830 recovered from excavations in the west yard. Two examples of the overglaze painted porcelain vessels recovered from excavations in the west yard area. These vessels were hand painted after the porcelain vessel had been initially glazed instead of being painted prior to glazing. Vessels of this type were imported from Asia, principally China and Japan. A tin-glazed ointment pot recovered from excavations in the west yard. This was likely used for medical/pharmaceutical powders, liquids, or salves. The tin-glaze made the otherwise porous body of the ceramic watertight. Objects of this type were imported from Europe and were commonly used in the 18th century. Several sherds of a hand-panted polychrome pearlware lid, c. 1795-1830. This lid belonged to a teapot. Fragments of a similarly decorated pearlware teapot were recovered from the same excavation in the west yard, though not enough of either the lid or the pot was recovered to confirm that they were part of the same vessel.
There was a broad range of vessel forms made from red earthenwares (or “redwares”) at the site: bowls, pans, dishes, flower pots, jars, milk pans, and less identifiable objects cataloged as hollowware or indeterminate. Many of the pans, dishes, and bowls were elaborately slip-decorated with a variety of colors including yellow, green, white, brown, and turquoise. On the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site, red earthenware vessels were plentiful and exhibited a high variety of decorations with colored slips, colored glazes, or tin glaze. The red earthenwares from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site illustrate the variety of vessel forms and styles available to the households that lived on the farm in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At this time Hagerstown was a center of thriving red earthenware production, and local populations could purchase items that were both attractive and functional. In fact, the red earthenware assemblage from the site includes vessels that are not common in museum collections, such as the probable Henry Adam slip decorated pans, the slipped and green-glazed jar/bowl, and the tin-glazed sherds. This assemblage provides valuable information about the products of local potters. The abundance of red earthenwares within the ceramic assemblage at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead also demonstrates the scale of patronage of the local German-American potters by the community. Nearly all of the red earthenwares recovered during excavation were likely made by potters working in and around Hagerstown. As the red earthenware assemblage is the largest competent of ceramic assemblage, this would seem to suggest that at least during the Brumbaugh period there was a preference for domestically produced red earthenware over imported materials. The red earthenware component in the ceramic assemblage ties the farm into a prosperous and important ceramic tradition in the region. Red Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
Concave collared rim form used on many pans from the site. These distinctive collared rims are described in the artifact inventory as “German-style” rims based on their similarities to rims on vessels made in Northern Germany and The Netherlands (J. G. Hurst, David Stanley Neal, H. J. E. Van Beuningen, and Ann Clark, Pottery Produced and Traded in North-
West Europe, 1350-1650, 1986, pages 45, 249) Several dishes or pans have a short collar or flange with coggling on the top of the rim, an unusual combination not seen in available documents or images of European vessels. Coggling around simple cut rims was common on British drape molded slipware dishes and their American-made counterparts but not on thrown or tooled rims. This technique might be confined to the products of one, so far unidentified, potter or pottery working in Hagerstown. Red earthenware pan exhibiting a trailed slip motif of intersecting straight and wavy lines. This example is typical of a common type of slip decoration featuring trailed designs, using slip made from light colored clays, some of which have been colored with copper oxide for green and iron or manganese oxides for shades of brown. The designs are often simple straight and/or wavy lines. A red earthenware pan showing a trailed slip, unknown motif that includes straight and curled lines. A red eartheware pan with a thick folded-over rim with an elaborate trailed slip scrolling design that includes a pomegranate. Red earthenware pan with trailed slip decoration reading "...flege..." and "1774." The letters "...flege..." are possibly a fragment of the German word "pflegen," which translates as "care." German-American potters often used proverbs or short sayings as mottos on the rims of dishes or plates (see, for example, vessels illustrated in Tulip Ware of the Pennsylvania German Potters by Edwin Atlee Barber, 1970) A red earthenware dish with an abstract motif made using both dark brown and white slips and green-colored glaze. It features a collared and coggled rim. A red earthenware pan with a collared rim and arching line and feathered motifs. These multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs were introduced by Henry Adams and his potter brothers after 1797 (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). Another example of a small red earthenware pan or bowl with a collared rim featuring the multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs typical of the style originated by local potter Henry Adams (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). A red earthenware vessel completely covered with slip with a green glaze on the exterior. This vessel could be a small jar, bowl, pitcher, or some other tea or tableware form. The vessel has been trimmed after throwing to be thin bodied, especially on the base, which is very thin. The pale red body is covered with buff-colored slip; on the exterior is a green-tinted glaze that is slightly uneven in coloring. Brown streaks/blotches around the base could be part of a decoration on the missing parts of the vessel. The green/light turquoise color might be what has been referred to as Henry Adam’s “beautiful robin’s egg blue decoration” by Manger and Manger (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 10). On the other hand, its shape appears to be similar to a c.1825 small ovoid jar made by John Bell (Crocker Farm, website, 2016). The shape of the trimmed foot is close to that of the Crocker Farm jar. No matter who was its manufacturer, the combination of overall slip and green covering glaze makes this vessel very unusual. Red bodied tin-glazed earthenware sherds. These twelve sherds have red bodies and light bluish-gray tin glazes. The sherds are small and their vessel forms cannot be determined beyond the level of hollowware. It is possible that they all come from the same vessel but this also cannot be determined because none mend. Some of the sherds have a sponged decoration in blue and two of the other sherds have large blue painted spots that might be part of a floral motif. The John Bell jar discussed on the Crocker Farm site (Crocker Farm, website, 2016) has both sponging and a large-scale floral motif. The interior of the Crocker Farm jar has brown lead glaze on its interior but all of the sherds from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site are tin glazed on both their interiors and exteriors.
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Ceramics
The analytical role of the ceramic assemblage recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was twofold, first to provide dating evidence that could be used to ascribe temporal contexts to archaeological deposits and features, second to provide insight into the activities and preference of the occupants of the site. The vast majority of the ceramic assemblage from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was composed of coarse earthenware (mostly redwares) and refined earthenware (mostly white-bodied wares), with stoneware and porcelain accounting for very little of the total assemblage. Refined Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
A collection of hand-painted polychrome pearlware fragments dating to c. 1795-1830 recovered from excavations in the west yard. Two examples of the overglaze painted porcelain vessels recovered from excavations in the west yard area. These vessels were hand painted after the porcelain vessel had been initially glazed instead of being painted prior to glazing. Vessels of this type were imported from Asia, principally China and Japan. A tin-glazed ointment pot recovered from excavations in the west yard. This was likely used for medical/pharmaceutical powders, liquids, or salves. The tin-glaze made the otherwise porous body of the ceramic watertight. Objects of this type were imported from Europe and were commonly used in the 18th century. Several sherds of a hand-panted polychrome pearlware lid, c. 1795-1830. This lid belonged to a teapot. Fragments of a similarly decorated pearlware teapot were recovered from the same excavation in the west yard, though not enough of either the lid or the pot was recovered to confirm that they were part of the same vessel.
There was a broad range of vessel forms made from red earthenwares (or “redwares”) at the site: bowls, pans, dishes, flower pots, jars, milk pans, and less identifiable objects cataloged as hollowware or indeterminate. Many of the pans, dishes, and bowls were elaborately slip-decorated with a variety of colors including yellow, green, white, brown, and turquoise. On the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site, red earthenware vessels were plentiful and exhibited a high variety of decorations with colored slips, colored glazes, or tin glaze. The red earthenwares from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site illustrate the variety of vessel forms and styles available to the households that lived on the farm in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At this time Hagerstown was a center of thriving red earthenware production, and local populations could purchase items that were both attractive and functional. In fact, the red earthenware assemblage from the site includes vessels that are not common in museum collections, such as the probable Henry Adam slip decorated pans, the slipped and green-glazed jar/bowl, and the tin-glazed sherds. This assemblage provides valuable information about the products of local potters. The abundance of red earthenwares within the ceramic assemblage at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead also demonstrates the scale of patronage of the local German-American potters by the community. Nearly all of the red earthenwares recovered during excavation were likely made by potters working in and around Hagerstown. As the red earthenware assemblage is the largest competent of ceramic assemblage, this would seem to suggest that at least during the Brumbaugh period there was a preference for domestically produced red earthenware over imported materials. The red earthenware component in the ceramic assemblage ties the farm into a prosperous and important ceramic tradition in the region. Red Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
Concave collared rim form used on many pans from the site. These distinctive collared rims are described in the artifact inventory as “German-style” rims based on their similarities to rims on vessels made in Northern Germany and The Netherlands (J. G. Hurst, David Stanley Neal, H. J. E. Van Beuningen, and Ann Clark, Pottery Produced and Traded in North-
West Europe, 1350-1650, 1986, pages 45, 249) Several dishes or pans have a short collar or flange with coggling on the top of the rim, an unusual combination not seen in available documents or images of European vessels. Coggling around simple cut rims was common on British drape molded slipware dishes and their American-made counterparts but not on thrown or tooled rims. This technique might be confined to the products of one, so far unidentified, potter or pottery working in Hagerstown. Red earthenware pan exhibiting a trailed slip motif of intersecting straight and wavy lines. This example is typical of a common type of slip decoration featuring trailed designs, using slip made from light colored clays, some of which have been colored with copper oxide for green and iron or manganese oxides for shades of brown. The designs are often simple straight and/or wavy lines. A red earthenware pan showing a trailed slip, unknown motif that includes straight and curled lines. A red eartheware pan with a thick folded-over rim with an elaborate trailed slip scrolling design that includes a pomegranate. Red earthenware pan with trailed slip decoration reading "...flege..." and "1774." The letters "...flege..." are possibly a fragment of the German word "pflegen," which translates as "care." German-American potters often used proverbs or short sayings as mottos on the rims of dishes or plates (see, for example, vessels illustrated in Tulip Ware of the Pennsylvania German Potters by Edwin Atlee Barber, 1970) A red earthenware dish with an abstract motif made using both dark brown and white slips and green-colored glaze. It features a collared and coggled rim. A red earthenware pan with a collared rim and arching line and feathered motifs. These multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs were introduced by Henry Adams and his potter brothers after 1797 (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). Another example of a small red earthenware pan or bowl with a collared rim featuring the multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs typical of the style originated by local potter Henry Adams (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). A red earthenware vessel completely covered with slip with a green glaze on the exterior. This vessel could be a small jar, bowl, pitcher, or some other tea or tableware form. The vessel has been trimmed after throwing to be thin bodied, especially on the base, which is very thin. The pale red body is covered with buff-colored slip; on the exterior is a green-tinted glaze that is slightly uneven in coloring. Brown streaks/blotches around the base could be part of a decoration on the missing parts of the vessel. The green/light turquoise color might be what has been referred to as Henry Adam’s “beautiful robin’s egg blue decoration” by Manger and Manger (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 10). On the other hand, its shape appears to be similar to a c.1825 small ovoid jar made by John Bell (Crocker Farm, website, 2016). The shape of the trimmed foot is close to that of the Crocker Farm jar. No matter who was its manufacturer, the combination of overall slip and green covering glaze makes this vessel very unusual. Red bodied tin-glazed earthenware sherds. These twelve sherds have red bodies and light bluish-gray tin glazes. The sherds are small and their vessel forms cannot be determined beyond the level of hollowware. It is possible that they all come from the same vessel but this also cannot be determined because none mend. Some of the sherds have a sponged decoration in blue and two of the other sherds have large blue painted spots that might be part of a floral motif. The John Bell jar discussed on the Crocker Farm site (Crocker Farm, website, 2016) has both sponging and a large-scale floral motif. The interior of the Crocker Farm jar has brown lead glaze on its interior but all of the sherds from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site are tin glazed on both their interiors and exteriors.
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Ceramics
The analytical role of the ceramic assemblage recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was twofold, first to provide dating evidence that could be used to ascribe temporal contexts to archaeological deposits and features, second to provide insight into the activities and preference of the occupants of the site. The vast majority of the ceramic assemblage from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was composed of coarse earthenware (mostly redwares) and refined earthenware (mostly white-bodied wares), with stoneware and porcelain accounting for very little of the total assemblage. Refined Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
A collection of hand-painted polychrome pearlware fragments dating to c. 1795-1830 recovered from excavations in the west yard. Two examples of the overglaze painted porcelain vessels recovered from excavations in the west yard area. These vessels were hand painted after the porcelain vessel had been initially glazed instead of being painted prior to glazing. Vessels of this type were imported from Asia, principally China and Japan. A tin-glazed ointment pot recovered from excavations in the west yard. This was likely used for medical/pharmaceutical powders, liquids, or salves. The tin-glaze made the otherwise porous body of the ceramic watertight. Objects of this type were imported from Europe and were commonly used in the 18th century. Several sherds of a hand-panted polychrome pearlware lid, c. 1795-1830. This lid belonged to a teapot. Fragments of a similarly decorated pearlware teapot were recovered from the same excavation in the west yard, though not enough of either the lid or the pot was recovered to confirm that they were part of the same vessel.
There was a broad range of vessel forms made from red earthenwares (or “redwares”) at the site: bowls, pans, dishes, flower pots, jars, milk pans, and less identifiable objects cataloged as hollowware or indeterminate. Many of the pans, dishes, and bowls were elaborately slip-decorated with a variety of colors including yellow, green, white, brown, and turquoise. On the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site, red earthenware vessels were plentiful and exhibited a high variety of decorations with colored slips, colored glazes, or tin glaze. The red earthenwares from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site illustrate the variety of vessel forms and styles available to the households that lived on the farm in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At this time Hagerstown was a center of thriving red earthenware production, and local populations could purchase items that were both attractive and functional. In fact, the red earthenware assemblage from the site includes vessels that are not common in museum collections, such as the probable Henry Adam slip decorated pans, the slipped and green-glazed jar/bowl, and the tin-glazed sherds. This assemblage provides valuable information about the products of local potters. The abundance of red earthenwares within the ceramic assemblage at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead also demonstrates the scale of patronage of the local German-American potters by the community. Nearly all of the red earthenwares recovered during excavation were likely made by potters working in and around Hagerstown. As the red earthenware assemblage is the largest competent of ceramic assemblage, this would seem to suggest that at least during the Brumbaugh period there was a preference for domestically produced red earthenware over imported materials. The red earthenware component in the ceramic assemblage ties the farm into a prosperous and important ceramic tradition in the region. Red Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
Concave collared rim form used on many pans from the site. These distinctive collared rims are described in the artifact inventory as “German-style” rims based on their similarities to rims on vessels made in Northern Germany and The Netherlands (J. G. Hurst, David Stanley Neal, H. J. E. Van Beuningen, and Ann Clark, Pottery Produced and Traded in North-
West Europe, 1350-1650, 1986, pages 45, 249) Several dishes or pans have a short collar or flange with coggling on the top of the rim, an unusual combination not seen in available documents or images of European vessels. Coggling around simple cut rims was common on British drape molded slipware dishes and their American-made counterparts but not on thrown or tooled rims. This technique might be confined to the products of one, so far unidentified, potter or pottery working in Hagerstown. Red earthenware pan exhibiting a trailed slip motif of intersecting straight and wavy lines. This example is typical of a common type of slip decoration featuring trailed designs, using slip made from light colored clays, some of which have been colored with copper oxide for green and iron or manganese oxides for shades of brown. The designs are often simple straight and/or wavy lines. A red earthenware pan showing a trailed slip, unknown motif that includes straight and curled lines. A red eartheware pan with a thick folded-over rim with an elaborate trailed slip scrolling design that includes a pomegranate. Red earthenware pan with trailed slip decoration reading "...flege..." and "1774." The letters "...flege..." are possibly a fragment of the German word "pflegen," which translates as "care." German-American potters often used proverbs or short sayings as mottos on the rims of dishes or plates (see, for example, vessels illustrated in Tulip Ware of the Pennsylvania German Potters by Edwin Atlee Barber, 1970) A red earthenware dish with an abstract motif made using both dark brown and white slips and green-colored glaze. It features a collared and coggled rim. A red earthenware pan with a collared rim and arching line and feathered motifs. These multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs were introduced by Henry Adams and his potter brothers after 1797 (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). Another example of a small red earthenware pan or bowl with a collared rim featuring the multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs typical of the style originated by local potter Henry Adams (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). A red earthenware vessel completely covered with slip with a green glaze on the exterior. This vessel could be a small jar, bowl, pitcher, or some other tea or tableware form. The vessel has been trimmed after throwing to be thin bodied, especially on the base, which is very thin. The pale red body is covered with buff-colored slip; on the exterior is a green-tinted glaze that is slightly uneven in coloring. Brown streaks/blotches around the base could be part of a decoration on the missing parts of the vessel. The green/light turquoise color might be what has been referred to as Henry Adam’s “beautiful robin’s egg blue decoration” by Manger and Manger (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 10). On the other hand, its shape appears to be similar to a c.1825 small ovoid jar made by John Bell (Crocker Farm, website, 2016). The shape of the trimmed foot is close to that of the Crocker Farm jar. No matter who was its manufacturer, the combination of overall slip and green covering glaze makes this vessel very unusual. Red bodied tin-glazed earthenware sherds. These twelve sherds have red bodies and light bluish-gray tin glazes. The sherds are small and their vessel forms cannot be determined beyond the level of hollowware. It is possible that they all come from the same vessel but this also cannot be determined because none mend. Some of the sherds have a sponged decoration in blue and two of the other sherds have large blue painted spots that might be part of a floral motif. The John Bell jar discussed on the Crocker Farm site (Crocker Farm, website, 2016) has both sponging and a large-scale floral motif. The interior of the Crocker Farm jar has brown lead glaze on its interior but all of the sherds from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site are tin glazed on both their interiors and exteriors.
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Ceramics
The analytical role of the ceramic assemblage recovered from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was twofold, first to provide dating evidence that could be used to ascribe temporal contexts to archaeological deposits and features, second to provide insight into the activities and preference of the occupants of the site. The vast majority of the ceramic assemblage from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead was composed of coarse earthenware (mostly redwares) and refined earthenware (mostly white-bodied wares), with stoneware and porcelain accounting for very little of the total assemblage. Refined Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
A collection of hand-painted polychrome pearlware fragments dating to c. 1795-1830 recovered from excavations in the west yard. Two examples of the overglaze painted porcelain vessels recovered from excavations in the west yard area. These vessels were hand painted after the porcelain vessel had been initially glazed instead of being painted prior to glazing. Vessels of this type were imported from Asia, principally China and Japan. A tin-glazed ointment pot recovered from excavations in the west yard. This was likely used for medical/pharmaceutical powders, liquids, or salves. The tin-glaze made the otherwise porous body of the ceramic watertight. Objects of this type were imported from Europe and were commonly used in the 18th century. Several sherds of a hand-panted polychrome pearlware lid, c. 1795-1830. This lid belonged to a teapot. Fragments of a similarly decorated pearlware teapot were recovered from the same excavation in the west yard, though not enough of either the lid or the pot was recovered to confirm that they were part of the same vessel.
There was a broad range of vessel forms made from red earthenwares (or “redwares”) at the site: bowls, pans, dishes, flower pots, jars, milk pans, and less identifiable objects cataloged as hollowware or indeterminate. Many of the pans, dishes, and bowls were elaborately slip-decorated with a variety of colors including yellow, green, white, brown, and turquoise. On the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site, red earthenware vessels were plentiful and exhibited a high variety of decorations with colored slips, colored glazes, or tin glaze. The red earthenwares from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site illustrate the variety of vessel forms and styles available to the households that lived on the farm in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. At this time Hagerstown was a center of thriving red earthenware production, and local populations could purchase items that were both attractive and functional. In fact, the red earthenware assemblage from the site includes vessels that are not common in museum collections, such as the probable Henry Adam slip decorated pans, the slipped and green-glazed jar/bowl, and the tin-glazed sherds. This assemblage provides valuable information about the products of local potters. The abundance of red earthenwares within the ceramic assemblage at the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead also demonstrates the scale of patronage of the local German-American potters by the community. Nearly all of the red earthenwares recovered during excavation were likely made by potters working in and around Hagerstown. As the red earthenware assemblage is the largest competent of ceramic assemblage, this would seem to suggest that at least during the Brumbaugh period there was a preference for domestically produced red earthenware over imported materials. The red earthenware component in the ceramic assemblage ties the farm into a prosperous and important ceramic tradition in the region. Red Earthenware Ceramics Gallery
Concave collared rim form used on many pans from the site. These distinctive collared rims are described in the artifact inventory as “German-style” rims based on their similarities to rims on vessels made in Northern Germany and The Netherlands (J. G. Hurst, David Stanley Neal, H. J. E. Van Beuningen, and Ann Clark, Pottery Produced and Traded in North-
West Europe, 1350-1650, 1986, pages 45, 249) Several dishes or pans have a short collar or flange with coggling on the top of the rim, an unusual combination not seen in available documents or images of European vessels. Coggling around simple cut rims was common on British drape molded slipware dishes and their American-made counterparts but not on thrown or tooled rims. This technique might be confined to the products of one, so far unidentified, potter or pottery working in Hagerstown. Red earthenware pan exhibiting a trailed slip motif of intersecting straight and wavy lines. This example is typical of a common type of slip decoration featuring trailed designs, using slip made from light colored clays, some of which have been colored with copper oxide for green and iron or manganese oxides for shades of brown. The designs are often simple straight and/or wavy lines. A red earthenware pan showing a trailed slip, unknown motif that includes straight and curled lines. A red eartheware pan with a thick folded-over rim with an elaborate trailed slip scrolling design that includes a pomegranate. Red earthenware pan with trailed slip decoration reading "...flege..." and "1774." The letters "...flege..." are possibly a fragment of the German word "pflegen," which translates as "care." German-American potters often used proverbs or short sayings as mottos on the rims of dishes or plates (see, for example, vessels illustrated in Tulip Ware of the Pennsylvania German Potters by Edwin Atlee Barber, 1970) A red earthenware dish with an abstract motif made using both dark brown and white slips and green-colored glaze. It features a collared and coggled rim. A red earthenware pan with a collared rim and arching line and feathered motifs. These multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs were introduced by Henry Adams and his potter brothers after 1797 (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). Another example of a small red earthenware pan or bowl with a collared rim featuring the multi-colored slip decorations and green-tinted glaze in the “slip-feathering” and “continuous arcing line” motifs typical of the style originated by local potter Henry Adams (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 11). A red earthenware vessel completely covered with slip with a green glaze on the exterior. This vessel could be a small jar, bowl, pitcher, or some other tea or tableware form. The vessel has been trimmed after throwing to be thin bodied, especially on the base, which is very thin. The pale red body is covered with buff-colored slip; on the exterior is a green-tinted glaze that is slightly uneven in coloring. Brown streaks/blotches around the base could be part of a decoration on the missing parts of the vessel. The green/light turquoise color might be what has been referred to as Henry Adam’s “beautiful robin’s egg blue decoration” by Manger and Manger (George Manger and Connie Manger, Pottery from the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys, 2003, page 10). On the other hand, its shape appears to be similar to a c.1825 small ovoid jar made by John Bell (Crocker Farm, website, 2016). The shape of the trimmed foot is close to that of the Crocker Farm jar. No matter who was its manufacturer, the combination of overall slip and green covering glaze makes this vessel very unusual. Red bodied tin-glazed earthenware sherds. These twelve sherds have red bodies and light bluish-gray tin glazes. The sherds are small and their vessel forms cannot be determined beyond the level of hollowware. It is possible that they all come from the same vessel but this also cannot be determined because none mend. Some of the sherds have a sponged decoration in blue and two of the other sherds have large blue painted spots that might be part of a floral motif. The John Bell jar discussed on the Crocker Farm site (Crocker Farm, website, 2016) has both sponging and a large-scale floral motif. The interior of the Crocker Farm jar has brown lead glaze on its interior but all of the sherds from the Brumbaugh-Kendle-Grove Farmstead site are tin glazed on both their interiors and exteriors.
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