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Glossary
Below is a list of terms to know relating to Historic Preservation (click here to download an excel file of all the terms):
TERM | DEFINITION |
Accessory Structure | Structures that support the use of the main building on the same parcel of land. |
Adaptive Reuse | Rehabilitation of a historic structure for use other than its original purpose, such as a residence converted into an office. Also called adaptive use |
Addition | A portion of a structure built after the original structure was completed. Additions may be historic or nonhistoric. |
Alteration | The act or process which changes one or more of the exterior architectural features of a designated structure |
Antietam Overlay | a zoning overlay designed to protect the view shed of the Red Hill Area and the approaches to Antietam Battlefield. |
Appropriate | see compatible |
Architrave | the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of columns |
Art Moderne | An architectural style, post 1930’s with simple geometry and a curving low form. Characteristics include: long horizontal lines with rounded corners; flat roofs with no eaves; windows which wraparound the structure; and window shape may be porthole or glass block. |
Articulation | The manner in which various features are designed and arranged on a building elevation. |
Awning | A secondary covering attached to the exterior wall of a building, providing shade and protection from the elements around doors, windows, and other openings. May be retractable or stationary. |
Baluster | One of a series of short vertical members used to support a stair or porch handrail, forming a balustrade |
Balustrade | An entire rail system, with top rail and balusters. |
Bargeboard | A board placed on the verge or incline of a roof gable end to conceal the rafter end and provide ornamentation; also called a vergeboard. |
Bay | The portion of a façade between columns or piers providing regular division of a facade,usually marked by windows or doors. |
Board and Batten, siding | a siding and paneling style that uses narrow strips of wood placed over the joints of wide boards for a geometric, layered effect. |
Bollard | a short post used to divert traffic from an area or road. |
Bracket | A projecting support placed under an architectural overhang such as a roof cornice or eave |
Brick | A single building unit typically made of fired or sun-dried clay, used in masonry construction and laid in courses known as bonds. |
Brick Bond | The pattern in which a bricklayer articulates the brick and mortar design of a wall, using the stretcher (the long, narrow side) and header (the short side) of the brick. |
Casement Window | A window with one or two sashes which are hinged at the sides and usually open outward. |
Certificate of Appropriateness | A certificate issued by the Commission indicating review and authorization of plans for alteration, construction, demolition or relocation of a landmark, or property, structure, site or object within a district. |
Certified Local Government | The Certified Local Government program recognizes counties and municipalities that have made a special commitment to preservation. This commitment includes, but is not limited to, establishing a qualified historic preservation commission to designate and review historic properties. |
Character | The qualities and attributes of any structure, site, street or district. |
Character-Defining Features | Specific features of a structure, site, street, or district that contribute to its significance and designation, and that help define the distinctive character of the structure, site, street, or district. |
Clapboard, siding | Horizontal wooden boards, thinner at the top edge, which are overlapped to provide a weatherproof exterior wall surface. |
Column | A circular or square vertical structural member. Many times columns fall into one of five classical orders: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. |
Compatible | The ability of alterations and new designs to be located in or near historic properties and districts without adverse effect. Some elements affecting design compatibility include location, height, scale, mass and bulk of structures; building materials; architectural details; circulation and access; landscaping; and parking impacts. Compatibility refers to the sensitivity of development proposals in maintaining the character and context of historic properties and districts. (also appropriate) |
Composite | A mixed order combing the principal elements of the Ionic order and Corinthian Order, including volutes and acanthus leaves. |
Configuration | The arrangement of elements and details on a building or structure that help to define the character. |
Consolidant | In wood or other surfaces, this is used to stabilize deteriorated surfaces by protecting and making them firm again. |
Construction | The act of adding an addition to an existing building or structure, or the erection of a new principle or accessory building or structure on a lot or property. |
Contemporary | Reflecting characteristics of the current period. Contemporary denotes characteristics that illustrate that a building, structure, or detail was constructed in the present or recent past. |
Context | The setting in which a historic element, site, structure, street or district exists. |
Contributing | A structure , feature or property within a historic district or on the site of a historic landmark property that was built during the Period of Significance for the district or designated property and can be recognized as being from that period (meaning they retain integrity). |
Corbels | In masonry, a projection, or one of a series of projections, each stepped progressively farther forward with height and articulating a cornice or supporting an overhanging member. |
Corinthian | A classical order of architecture, characterized by fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with a floral motif, often an acanthus leaf. |
Cornice | A projecting element that tops a wall. |
Coupoula | A small, often dome-like structure on top of a building. Often used to provide light and air below, and usually crowns a larger roof or dome. |
Cresting | A decorated ornamental finish along the top of a wall or roof often made of ornamental metal. |
Dam | a barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir used to generate power. |
Deck | A flat surface that forms the main outside floor of a porch or balcony. |
Demolition | The razing of a building, structure, or site in part or in total. |
Demolition by Neglect | Allowing a building to fall into such a state of disrepair that it becomes necessary or desirable to demolish it. Property owners have been accused of permitting demolition by neglect on purpose, in order to save on rehabilitation costs. |
Dentils | A row of small tooth-like blocks in a classical cornice. |
Doric | A classical order of architecture, characterized by simplicity of design. Typically Doric columns have no base, are not fluted and feature a smooth capital that flares out from the column base to meet a square abacus. |
Dormer | A roofed structure that contains one or more windows and projects from a sloped roof. |
Double-Hung Window | A window with two sashes, one sliding vertically over the other. |
Drop, siding | a siding type prevalent in the 19th century with production at lumber mills. The siding has a Dutch inspired swoop at the top and a hidden rabbet to allow self spacing. |
Eave | The edge of a roof that projects beyond the face of a wall. |
Ecclesiastical | relating to the church or its clergy |
Elevation | Any one of the external face or façades of a building. |
Entablature | a horizontal, continuous lintel on a classical building supported by columns or a wall, comprising the architrave, frieze, and cornice |
Façade | The exterior front wall of a building, usually the most ornate or articulated elevation. |
Fanlights | A semi-circular window usually over a door with radiating muntins suggesting a fan. |
Fascia | A flat horizontal member of molding; forms the trim of a flat roof or pitched roof; also part of a classical entablature. |
Fence | An artificially constructed barrier, typically of wood, metal or other material or combination of materials to enclose, screen or separate areas. |
Fenestration | The arrangement of windows on a building |
Finial | A projecting decorative element, usually of metal, at the top of a roof turret or gable. |
Fixed Pane, window | a window that is non-operational. These can sometimes be called picture windows and do not have operable hardware. Their main purpose is to allow light. |
Flashing | Thin metal sheets used to prevent moisture infiltration at joints of roof planes and between the roof and vertical surfaces. |
Flat, roof | A roof which is almost completely horizontal. Often found on commercial architecture and concealed with a parapet. |
Form | The shape and structure of a building. |
Foundation | The lowest exposed portion of the building wall, which supports the structure above. |
Frieze | the part of an entablature between the architrave and the cornice |
Gable, roof | A triangular shape roof formed by two intersecting roof planes; also the triangular shape wall at the end of the roof. |
Gambrel, roof | A type of gable roof with two slopes on each side, the upper being less steep than the lower. |
Ghost Sign | A historic painted wall sign. |
Glazing | Part of a window, wall, or door that is made up of glass. Also known as lights. |
Header | Upper horizontal framing member of a window or door. |
Hipped, roof | A roof with all four sides sloping downwards towards the walls the structure |
Historic Advisory Committee (HAC) | A committee created in 1967 which, today focuses on listing and reviewing updates to the historic resources in the County as well as sponsoring the John Frey Historic Preservation Award. |
Historic District Commission (HDC) | A commission created to administer permit review within historic zoning designations. |
Historic Preservation Zoning (HP Overlay) | a zoning overlay that was adopted in 1973 but it wasn’t until 1986 when a text and map amendment were completed that focused the district to keep exterior appearances of buildings intact. |
In-Kind | Replacement of a building element to match the original in material, size, profile, texture, and color. |
Integrity | The ability of a structure or district to convey its historic and architectural significance. |
Ionic | A classical order of architecture characterized by the use of volutes on the capital and fluted columns supported by a base with an egg-and-dart motif. |
Jack Arch | A flat, structural element in masonry construction that provides support at an opening, similar to a lintel, but constructed of smaller, individual pieces. Also knows as a flat arch. |
Jamb | The side framing member of a door or window. |
Jib Window | A window which has sashes that move up or down into the window frame to create a larger opening for ventilation. These windows may consist of 1-3 sashes and may also include wooden panels below the sash which open, typically to a porch. Other similar terms for these windows include box head, slip, or pocket windows. |
Landmark | A property, structure, site or object designated as a “landmark” that has a high degree of historic, cultural, architectural or archaeological significance. All such designations include the lot(s) of record associated with the structure or object designated as a landmark. |
Landscape | The totality of the built or human influenced habitat experienced at any one place. Dominant features are topography, plant cover, buildings or other structures and their patterns. |
Lintel | The horizontal top member of a window, door or other opening. |
Maintain | To keep in a state of preservation or repair to avoid deterioration of historic materials and features. |
Mansard (Mansart), roof | A roof with a double slope on all four sides, with the lower slope being almost vertical and the upper almost horizontal. |
Maryand Historical Trust (MHT) | The state agency dedicated to preserving and interpreting the legacy of Maryland’s past. Through research, conservation and education, the Maryland Historical Trust assists the people of Maryland in understanding their historical and cultural heritage. MHT is the State Historic Preservation Office for the State of Maryland. (see also State Historic Preservation Office) |
Masonry | Construction of brick, stone, or other material requiring mortar and construction by a mason. |
Mass | The overall size, height, shape and composition of the exterior of volumes of a building, especially when the structure has major and minor elements. (Also called Massing) |
Molding | A continuous decorative band, often serving as a decorative device; often decorative with a variety of contours or outlines, and typically covering the joint formed where two surfaces or material types meet |
Mortar | A mixture of sand, lime, cement and water, used as a binding agent in masonry construction. |
Mothballing | to stop using a structure but keep it in good condition through proper preparation for disuse so that it can be readily used again in the future |
Mullion | A vertical element separating windows, doors, or panels set in a series. |
Muntins | A secondary framing member to divide and hold the panes of glass in a multi-light window or glass door. |
New Construction | Construction which is characterized by the introduction of new elements, sites, buildings or structures or additions to existing buildings and structures. |
Non-Contributing | A structure, feature or property within a historic district or on the site of a historic landmark property that does not support or add to the historic and architectural significance of a designated property or historic district. |
Oriel (window) | A form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. Supported by corbels, brackets, or similar cantilevers, an oriel window is most commonly found projecting from an upper floor but is also sometimes used on the ground floor. |
Orientation | The relationship of a structure to the compass points or a site feature; may refer to the direction a façade faces, such as the south elevation, or the direction of a main axis, as in an east-west orientation. |
Ornamentation | applied embellishment in various styles that is a distinguishing characteristic of buildings. Ornamentation often occurs on entablatures, columns, and the tops of buildings and around entryways and windows, especially in the form of moldings. |
Outbuilding | A small, secondary building separated from the main building. |
Palladian Window | A palladian window is a large window divided in three parts: a central sash that is arched at the top and two sashes on each side of it that are smaller than the central sash; the smaller sashes are rectangular, topped with flat lintels |
Parapet | A low wall at the edge of a roof, balcony, or deck. |
Pediment | A triangular crowning element forming the gable of a roof; any similar triangular element used over windows, doors, etc. |
Period of Significance | The time period during which an historic landmark or historic district gained its architectural, historical, and/or geographical importance. Typically, the period of significance covers a longer period of time than a structure’s, in order to encompass the period of during which the district developed. |
Pilasters | A square pillar attached, but projecting from a wall, resembling a classical column. |
Porch | A structure attached to a building to shelter an entrance. |
Portico | A roofed space, open or partly enclosed, forming the entrance and centerpiece of the façade of a building, often with a column and pediment. |
Preserve (Preservation) | The act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of an historic property. |
Primary Façade | The main building face; the sides of a building that are street-facing. |
Projecting Sign | A sign attached perpendicular to the wall of a building. Also called blade sign. |
Proportion | The relationship of the size, shape, and location of one building element to all the other elements; each architectural style typically has its own rules of proportion. |
Puncheon | a short post, especially one used for supporting the roof |
Quioins | A series of raised stone, bricks, or wood panels ornamenting the outside of a wall corner |
Race, Dam | a narrow channel or watercourse, which water flows through for the purpose of turning a waterwheel. |
Rail, window | A horizontal piece of the window sash |
Reconstruction | The act or process of reassembling, reproducing or replacing by new construction, the form, detail and appearance of the property and its setting as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of later work, or by the replacement of missing earlier work, or by reuse of the original materials. |
Rehabilitation | The act or process of returning a building, object, site or structure to a state of utility through repair, remodeling, or alteration. Rehabilitation projects makes possible an efficient contemporary use while preserving those portions or features of the building, object, site or structure, that are significant to its historical, architectural and geographical value. |
Relocation | Any change of the location of a building, object or structure in its present setting or to another setting. |
Repair | use of measures to stabilize, consolidate, or conserve existing materials and features |
Restoration | The act or process of accurately recovering the form and details of a building, object, site or structure, and its setting as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of later work, or by the replacements of missing earlier work. |
Retain | To keep secure and intact. Retain describes the act of keeping an element, detail or structure, and providing a level of repair to aid in the preservation of elements, sites and structures. |
Rhythm | Regular occurrence of elements or features, such as spacing between buildings. |
Right-Of-Way | Public land that has been granted an easement, such as for utilities, or reserved for transportation purposes. Can include pedestrian traffic, vehicular traffic, canals, railway traffic, oil and gas pipeline, etc. |
Rusticated | Roughening of stonework or concrete blocks to give greater articulation to each block. |
Sash | The movable framework holding the glass in a window |
Scale | Proportional elements that demonstrate the size, materials and style of buildings. The proportions of the elements of a building to one another and the whole, and to adjacent buildings. |
Screening | any landscaping or structure such as walls, landscaped berms, and hedges, used to conceal or reduce the negative visual and audio impacts of certain land uses or activities from streets or adjacent development. |
Secondary Structure | A smaller or lesser structure associated with a primary structure on a property. Also called an accessory structure. |
Secretary of Interior (SOI) | A branch of the National Park Service which oversees the use and conservation of federal lands. The SOI also developed standards commonly used by property owners, architects and governments to make deicsions about the appropriate treatment of historic properties. |
Section 106 | Refers to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, which requires State and Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their proposed activities or activities they permit on properties included, or eligible for inclusion, in the National Register of Historic Places. |
Setbacks | The distance a structure is located from the street, other public way, or property line. Setback can also refer to the distance between structures on one or multiple lots. |
Setting | The sum of attributes of a locality, neighborhood or property that defines its character. |
Sheathing | An exterior covering of boards or other surface applied to the frame of the structure. |
Shed, roof | a pitched roof with a single plane rising from one wall to the opposite wall. This type of roof can be found on outbuildings as the sole roof type or also be found in combination with other roof types as part of dormers or porches. |
Shingles, roof | a roofing material |
shingles, siding | a variable width, length, and thickness of re-sawed lumber where the wood is split along the grain rather than sawing. This siding was popular on Queen Anne style homes as a decorative element of varying patterns. |
Shutter | a usually movable cover or screen for a window or door that limits light and weather through the opening |
Shutter dog | A piece of hardware attached to the exterior wall which holds a shutter open and flush to the structure when the shutter is not in use. These can be highly decorative. |
Sidelights | A vertical area of fixed glass on either side of a door or window. |
Siding | The exterior wall covering or sheathing of a structure. |
Sign | A sign is an object or device or part thereof situated outdoors or indoors which is used to identify or advertise a business. |
Sill | The horizontal, usually projecting, lower lip of a window or door. |
Single-Hung, window | a window with a single movable sash that slides up from the bottom while the stop sash stays stationary |
Siting | The placement of a building, structure, or object on a site in relation to natural features, boundaries, and other parts of the built environment. |
Sluice Box, Dam | a sliding gate or other device for controlling the flow of water |
Spalling | The chipping or flaking of a masonry surface often due to moisture or weathering. |
State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) | an official within each state appointed by the governor to administer the state historic preservation program and carry out certain responsibilities relating to federal undertakings within the state. In Maryland this is the Maryland Historical Trust. See also Maryland Historical Trust |
Stile, window | A vertical edge pieces of the window sash |
Style | A type of architecture distinguished by special characteristics of structure and ornament and often related in time; also a general quality of a distinctive manner. |
Terrace | a relatively level paved or planted area adjoining a building |
Transom | A horizontal window opening over a door or window |
Trim | The decorative framing of openings and other features on a façade. |
Tuscan | A classical order of architecture, characterized by simplicity of design. Similar to the Doric Order with the exception that Tuscan columns are supported by a base with an egg-and-dart motif, like that of the Ionic Order. |
Valley | The intersection of two sloping roof surfaces. |
Veneer | A thin layer of material used as decorative facing that is not load bearing. |
Vernacular | A regional form or adaptation of an architectural style. Often utilitarian in nature and stylistically influenced by High-Style architecture. |
V-Groove, siding | variable width (6-10inches) siding which is installed horizontally with a rabbeted bottom allowing self spacing with the preceding course, leaving a slight “v” pattern between the courses. |
A
- Adaptive Reuse – Refers to the process of reusing an old site or building for a purpose other than which it was built or designed for
- Addition – New construction added to an existing building or structure.
- Alteration – Any act or process requiring a building permit or demolition permit, or any act or process that changes one or more of the historic, cultural, architectural or archaeological features of an area, property, structure, site or object, including, but not limited to, the erection, construction, reconstruction or relocation of any property, structure or object, or any part of a property, structure or object, or land-altering activities.
Antietam Overlay – a zoning overlay designed to protect the view shed of the Red Hill Area and the approaches to Antietam Battlefield. More Information - Appropriate – Especially suitable or compatible.
C
- Certificate of Appropriateness – A certificate issued by the Commission indicating review and authorization of plans for alteration, construction, demolition or relocation of a landmark, or property, structure, site or object within a district.
- Certified Local Government – The Certified Local Government program recognizes counties and municipalities that have made a special commitment to preservation. This commitment includes, but is not limited to, establishing a qualified historic preservation commission to designate and review historic properties. More Information
- Compatible – In harmony with location, context, setting, and historic character.
- Contemporary – Reflecting characteristics of the current period. Contemporary denotes characteristics that illustrate that a building, structure, or detail was constructed in the present or recent past.
- Context – Conceptual framework or physical surroundings for a building or site.
- Contributing (Structure) – A classification applied to an area, property, structure, site or object within a district signifying that it contributes generally to the qualities that give the district historic, cultural, architectural or archaeological significance as embodied in the criteria for designating a district. An area, property, structure, site or object can be contributing even if it has been altered, as long as it maintains the character defined for the district.
D
- Deed – a legal document that is signed and delivered, especially one regarding the ownership of property or legal rights. Deeds in Washington County can be researched through mdlandrec.net.
- Demolition by Neglect – Allowing a building to fall into such a state of disrepair that it becomes necessary or desirable to demolish it. Property owners have been accused of permitting demolition by neglect on purpose, in order to save on rehabilitation costs.
H
- Historic Advisory Council (HAC) – A Council created in 1967 which, today focuses on listing and reviewing updates to the historic resources in the County as well as sponsoring the John Frey Historic Preservation Award.
- Historic District Commission (HDC) was created to administer permit review within historic zoning designations.
- Historic Integrity – The ability of a property to convey its significance; the retention of sufficient aspects of location, design, setting, workmanship, materials, feeling, or association for a property to convey its historic significance.
- Historic Material – Material from which the building was originally built.
- Historic Preservation – According to the National Historic Preservation Act, includes identification, evaluation, recordation, documentation, curation, acquisition, protection, management, rehabilitation, restoration, stabilization, maintenance, research, interpretation, conservation, and education and training regarding the foregoing activities or a combination of the foregoing activities.
- Historic Preservation Zoning (HP) – is a zoning overlay that was adopted in 1973 but it wasn’t until 1986 when a text and map amendment were completed that focused the district to keep exterior appearances of buildings intact. More Information
- Historic Significance – Determines why, where, and when a property is important. Historic significance is the importance of a property with regard to history, architecture, engineering, or the culture of a state, community, or nation.
I
- Integrity – Adherence to a high level of historical, architectural accuracy and relatively unchanged since originally constructed. The Secretary of Interior recognizes a property’s integrity through seven aspects or qualities: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association.
L
- Landmark – A property, structure, site or object designated as a “landmark” that has a high degree of historic, cultural, architectural or archaeological significance. All such designations include the lot(s) of record associated with the structure or object designated as a landmark.
- Landmark (City of Hagerstown) – individual properties or structures located outside of the City’s Historic Districts that have been acknowledged by the City as worthy of recognition and preservation for the significance to history, architecture, archaeology or culture. Visit City of Hagerstown for More information.
O
- Overlay Zone is a zoning district which is applied over one or more previously established zoning districts, establishing additional or stricter standards and criteria for covered properties in addition to those of the underlying zoning. Examples of overlay zones in Washington County include Historic Preservation, Rural Business and Antietam.
P
- Period of Significance – The length of time when a property was associated with important events, activities, or person, or attained the characteristics that qualify it for National Register listing. Period of significance usually begins with a date when significant activities or events began giving the property its historic significance; this is often a date of construction.
- Plat – a map or plan of an area of land showing actual or proposed features. Washington County Plats can be access at plats.net
- Preservation – The act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of an historic property. Preservation can include the limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and other code-required work to make properties functional is appropriate within a preservation project.
- Primary Façade – The front elevation of a structure, usually facing a street and containing the main entrance.
R
- Reconstruction – The act or process of depicting, by means of new construction, the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object for the purpose of replicating its original appearance. Refurbish: To renovate, or make clean, fresh, or functional again through a process of major maintenance or minor repair.
- Rehabilitation – The process of making possible a use for a property through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features which convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values.
- Renovate – To repair a structure and make it usable again. Although this word is widely accepted outside the preservation community, historic preservationists prefer to use the term “rehabilitate” since it incorporates careful retention of historic architectural, or cultural features.
- Repair – Any change to an area, property, structure, site or object that is not alteration, construction, relocation or demolition.
- Replication – Constructing a building so that it is an exact replica or imitation of an historic architectural style or period.
- Restore – The act or process of accurately depicting the form, features, and character of a property as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of features from other periods in its history and construction of missing features from the restoration period.
- Retain – To keep secure and intact In the guidelines, “retain” and “maintain” describe the act of keeping an element, detail, or structure and continuing the same level of repair to aid in the preservation of elements, sites and structures.
- Remodel – To change a building without regard to its distinctive features or style. Often involves changing the appearance of a structure by removing or covering original details and substituting new materials and forms.
S
- Section 106 – Refers to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of l966, which requires federal agencies to take into account the effects of their proposed activities on properties included, or eligible for inclusion, in the National Register of Historic Places.
- Section 4(f) – A provision in the Department of Transportation Act that prohibits federal approval or funding of transportation projects that require “use” of any historic site unless (1) there is “no feasible and prudent alternative to the project,” and (2) the project includes “all possible planning to minimize harm.”
- State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) – an official within each state appointed by the governor to administer the state historic preservation program and carry out certain responsibilities relating to federal undertakings within the state.
- Standards – Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation—Ten basic principles created to help preserve the distinctive character of a historic building and its site, while allowing for reasonable change to meet new needs and uses.
Planning & Zoning
747 Northern Ave
Hagerstown, MD 21742
Phone: 240-313-2430
Email: [email protected]
Fax: 240-313-2431
Office Hours: Monday-Friday, 7:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m.
TTY users may call any government office through the Maryland Relay Service 1-800-735-2258